The Legacy Of Richard Nixon - 1104 Words

Richard Nixon, though created a large credibility gap within the US, he accomplished a lot for the country. He served five years in the presidential office as a republican (1969-1974), and he was the only president to resign from office in history. Although through his presidency he had accomplished many things, such as creating revenue sharing, ending the draft, and creating anticrime laws, he still had a rough time rebuilding his reputation after many assumptions of corruption in his office. Though he never admittedly pledged guilty to his crimes of taking government funds for his own personal gain, there was proof that he was. After the Watergate scandal, the American people set their mind to believe what the proof led to, so Nixon’s†¦show more content†¦He began his comparison of himself to governor Sparkman by explaining that an easy way to be successful in politics is to have a wife that also receives a government income, like most politicians carry, which Nixon was proud not to have, while Sparkman did. Sparkman isn’t the only one he compared himself to, he also compared himself to Governor Stevenson by saying that he had earned his political placement by merit, while Stevenson inherited a fortune, which played a major role in getting him his spot in the office. He even claimed that if the two men didn’t prove that they weren’t guilty of fraud, then they had something worth hiding. However, not only did Nixon juxtapose himself with these men, he also juxtaposed Dwight Eisenhower with Governor Stevenson. Richard Nixon was in favor of Eisenhower, so in his speech, Nixon claimed that Eisenhower a better insight and more wisdom than Governor Stevenson, which ultimately made him seem like a better man (during his thought process), which made it seem like he would be the better presidential choice. When comparing Eisenhower to Stevenson, Nixon claimed that Eisenhower would lead America better than Stevenson would, and he co mpared the two by saying that Eisenhower owes nothing to

Factors Affecting Transformation in Architecture Free Essays

As quoted by Greek philosopher Heraclitus –â€Å"Everything alterations and nil bases still.†Its right to state that with clip there is a alteration in life style, civilization and environment which tends worlds to reform their heads and milieus. We adapt ourselves to our environment and milieus. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Affecting Transformation in Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our first immediate context is the surrounding in which we live – shelter. The intent of shelter is to assist fulfill the physical and psychological demands of adult male. This calls for a shelter that would protect and carry through all the demands. This shelter is what we term as house. â€Å"Shelter is of supreme importance to adult male. It is the premier factor in his changeless battle for endurance. In his attempts to shelter himself against the extremes of conditions and clime he has, over the ages, evolved many types of dwellings.†( Schoenauer, N A ; Seeman, S 1962, p3 ) â€Å"The house is an establishment created for a complex set of intents. The edifice of it is a cultural phenomenon and its signifier and organisation are greatly influenced by the cultural surroundings to which it belongs†¦ If the proviso of shelter is the inactive map of the house, so its active intent is the creative activity of an environment best suited to the manner of life of people.†( Bhalla, A 1998, p5 ) The above really clearly states that the signifier and design of the brooding unit is based on the clime and civilization ( manner of life of people ) . Both of these factors are transforming due to invasion of scientific discipline therefore transforming the life spaces we reside in. This is an effort to analyze these germinating fluctuations of brooding unit from traditional typology of courtyard house to match-box type flats in Delhi, chiefly concentrating on the latter. Delhi being the one of the antediluvian every bit good as newest metropolis, provides us with the chance for analyzing non merely the earlier or latest form but besides all the subsequent phases of development. In Delhi, lodging transmutations have changed general traditional form of house signifier to modern-day manner of mass lodging to run into the increasing demands of lodging stock and to carry through modern aspirations of people. Assorted inquiries raised during the brainstorming that the survey needs to reply: Change in life infinites was required or it’s merely the western influence? How edifices response to civilization, are they interlinked? How the altering life style has changed the typology of brooding unit? What are the factors behind these transmutations? Are we heading towards right alteration? To happen replies to above inquiries, I would wish to analyze an illustration of brooding unit of Shahjahanabad, Colonial Delhi, and plotted development each and research on the development of flats from DDA Housing to Co-operative Housing to latest tendency of P.P.P. ( Public Private Partnership ) . Factors act uponing the transmutations There is displacement from ancient house designs to current times. House in older times was a topographic point of societal assemblage where people had their emotions attached, with more people but less furniture / contraptions while today house is like a large machine with less people managing all the hello – tech appliances. This is the journey from the natural airing to conditioned air, from natural visible radiation to LED, from societal amusement to telecasting, from green Fieldss to high rise edifices and so on. There are some influencing factors that lead to these alterations and hence taking to alter in reinforced signifiers. These determiners are listed in assorted ways by assorted writers, philosophers, designers, pupils etc. For illustration ; Ar.Charles Correa, in his essay ‘Transfers and Transformations’ , referred thatâ€Å"architecture is at the intersection of major three forces. The first represents engineering and economic sciences, the 2nd, civilization and history, and the 3rd, the aspiration of people†¦ Architecture is an agent of chage.†All three forces are altering with the clip and hence altering the architectural manner. Point of views of some more people are discussed below: Assorted factors considered by Amos Rapoport in his book ‘House, Form and Culture’ to analyze their influence on the built signifier are: Climate: Climatic determinism has been widely accepted in architecture. One demand non deny the importance of clime in finding the function in the creative activity of reinforced signifier. We build houses to maintain in a consistent clime, and to maintain out marauders. Materials, Construction, and Technology: These are non the signifier determiners but are the modifying factors. They decide neither what is to be built nor its signifier. They make possible the enclosure of a infinite organisation decided upon for other grounds, and perchance modify that organisation. They facilitate and make possible or impossible certain determinations, but ne’er decide or determine signifier. Change of stuffs does non needfully alter the signifier of house. Site / Topography: It is non certain that any consistent theory of site as a signifier determiner has of all time been proposed. It is still a inquiry if the site has finding influence on the reinforced signifier. Defense: Defense has been cited more to account for tight urban forms that to find the signifier of homes. Economicss / Occupation: Economicss has been widely used to explicate colony and edifice signifier and its importance is so great. For illustration, herder life among agricultural people fails to accept their economic system, manner of life and house signifier. Religion / Culture: Amos Rapoport refers to the ‘The Temple and the House’ by Raglan who demonstrated that the house is much more than merely a shelter, there is something ‘the sacredness of the house’ . Some civilizations separated the house from their faith while for some – the house was the lone temple. Amos Rapoprt inferred that faith affects the signifier, program, spacial agreements and the orientation of the house but that is non cosmopolitan or inevitable determiner. He linked the civilization to faith and stated the illustrations from all over the universe where colonies and built signifiers are influenced by the universe and waies as proposed by faith. Basic demands: There are some basic demands as considered by Amos in his book ‘House, Form and Culture’ that determines the house signifier such as household, place of adult females, privateness and societal intercourse. Assorted factors considered by Dharmender Aggarwal in his thesis ‘Transformations of residential countries in walled metropolis of Delhi – Shahjahanabad’ to analyze their influence on the transmutations of life infinites are: Role of Lifestyle: The mentality of adult male alterations from clip to clip. The manner he sees the universe around him, the mode in which he wants to set up with the exterior, the manner universe is like to projected to him and the manner in which he would wish to project himself – all these constitute major portion in his life style and all these shapes the infinite in which he lives. Personal values: The adult male has become more introvert. Peoples want minimal and formal dealingss with others. The nature of attitude towards outside universe has changed. As the house to suit human existences along with his values, hence such alteration in his values do alter the house signifier. Besides, people’s personal picks have changed, aesthetic values have alterations which calls for the transmutation in their home unit. Social values: The households are interrupting up. The construct of joint household is no more acceptable to bulk of people. The house which used to associate to larger graduated table is now related to smaller graduated table and therefore less complexness. Now, one wants minimal intercession and the sense of district is more definite. Such alterations do find the house signifier. House Hold Properties: The industrial revolution has great impact on many frontages of society. The industry and scientific discipline have more to offer for luxury, for amusement, for functional installation and comfort. These add-ons have changed the life style and house signifier has to react to these alterations. Climate: Climate has major influence in the alteration of house signifier. Temperature, humidness, air current, rain, and radiation are major constituents of clime that need to be taken attention for while finding the house signifier. Material and Construction Technology: Material and building engineering have important impact on the house signifier. Handiness of Land: Handiness of land affects the transmutation due to degree of division and alteration of land usage form. The subdivision leads to higher denseness and accelerator to transmutation. Deducing from above and as per my apprehension and treatment with my usher, following are the determiners act uponing the transmutations of life infinites: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.003.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.002.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.001.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.006.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.005.png"Housing = Land + Development + House Sociable: Social is a wide term that brings under many sub factors under itself. It constitutes cultural, personal and spiritual determiners. With the fast moving lives, we are at a phase where we have about left behind our ancient societal values. In older times, similar households non merely stayed together buta ­Ã‚ ­lsofunctioned as one immense macro household where differentiations were few. With the gradual dissolution of the household system and diffusion of society, the households moved off and the demand to remain together was no longer felt. Therefore, these yearss, atomic households are more than joint households, particularly in metro metropoliss like Delhi. Peoples are self sustained in footings of interaction. They have their ain appliances to be busy with alternatively of societal interaction and if they have societal interactions, so those are merely the formal 1s. It is the clip of more of individuality. As we are heading towards a globalisation, aspirations of people have changed, civilization have taken a bend. Now, house is non merely a shelter but it represents the position symbol. Conditioned anteroom with LED telecasting has replaced unfastened to flip courtyards, acquiring off from nature. The civilization has been influenced by west so much that it has changed the attitude and behavior within the household construction. The individuality has evolved really strongly in present times. Now, every single member in household demands their ain private infinite in the house while in earlier times, household of 10 kids slept, read and resided in individual room / courtyard. Earlier household functioned under the leading of individual caput. The members followed and respected his / her sentiment. In class of clip, household grew smaller and the kids and adult females gained equal importance. Due rise in position of adult females, direct effect can seen on house, kitchen has become a t opographic point of chief accent while planing, while earlier, it was the most ignored component. The present coevals have let lavatories to come in their sleeping rooms as compared to traditional times when those were placed off from house. Therefore, with changing civilization we need to transform the infinites we inhabit in. Hence it is really justly statedâ€Å"The house signifier is non a simple effect of physical forces or any individual insouciant factor, but is the effect of a whole scope of socio – cultural factors seen in their broadest terms.†( Seminar 4, 2002, p62, S.P.A. ) Economic / Functional: The house needs to supply the needed infinite for every map. But in the class of clip, the maps to be served have wholly changed. Earlier it was the cookery, sleeping and other family work to be done in house and besides to function as their topographic point for business. Peoples used have cowss, farm equipments, and the storage, but now, one has segregated their business wholly from their house. Today’s house is merely supposed to be lived in holding the upper limit installations, doing the life at its best. Besides, with the globalisation and entrance of MNC’s in and around Delhi, it has increased buying power of certain subdivision of society. With this, people are choosing for latest engineering. Again this engineering has intruded in all the parts of house from populating to bathroom, therefore altering the signifier of house. The new house has become the premier means to denote their reaching in higher category. Therefore, economic system has direct effect on the house. Climatic: The house needs to be built in coordination with the clime to supply comfy environment to the dweller. Though, there is non much alteration in clime of Delhi from earlier times, but there is debut of engineering and newer theories that lay down guidelines to construct. Earlier excessively we had guidelines that might be based on clime, but were practised in the name of God. Since we have intervened new proved guidelines and advanced engineering, therefore we have transformation in the life infinites. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.013.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.011.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.010.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1165422.007.png"Identifying the consecutive lodging typol ogies in Delhi from 17Thursdaycentury to current times. 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Trade On European Tomatoes And Chickens †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Trade On European Tomatoes And Chickens? Answer: Introduction Ethics refer to the calculated use of reasoning to elucidate experience in order to valuable rules to govern behaviour; they are generally concerned with the nature and justification of right actions(Kline, 2010). Business ethics are the values, principles and norms originating from individuals, organisations or legal systems that govern behaviour within a business; they set boundaries and cultivate beliefs on acceptable behaviour within the particular business community(Ferrell, et al., 2016). All businesses, including international enterprises, require a foundation in ethical values in order to function effectively and efficiently. These values are evident in how an organisation concerns itself with human rights, environmental sustainability and justice in all its endeavours. International business practices are driven by trade liberalisation and globalisation. The main concern with trade liberalisation is market access; that is the exchange of market access to each countrys export s(Hillman, 2008). However, trade liberalisation has proved detrimental for many developing economies, Ghana being one of them(Khor, 2010). As a member of the World Trade Organisation(WTO, 2017), the country is obligated to open up its borders to free trade(WTO, 2017); over the years this has led to a rise in imports as subsidies offered by some of its trading partner lead to the availability of cheaper goods. This in turn has led Ghana to consider raising tariffs in order to ensure the security of its local producers. The following essay aims to look specifically into the impact of EU subsidies on agricultural produce, particularly tomatoes and chicken, and the ethical issues arising from Ghanas efforts to save its local trade by raising tariffs. The essay will provide background into the problem identifying the ethical and legal issues arising and subsequently provide an ethical analysis of these issues. Background into Ghanas raising of tariffs on European tomatoes and poultry The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have been credited with the rising decline in agriculture in most developing countries(Ismi, 2004). In order to gain financing for development, countries are advised or required to; do away with marketing boards and guaranteed prices to farmers, eliminate subsidies such as those on fertilizer and reduce tariffs on imports(Khor, 2010). This has led to increased wealth for developed nations which can afford to offer subsidies to their farmers while developing countries wallow in poverty and unemployment as consumers opt for cheaper imported goods(Tion, 2014). Ghanas agricultural sector, particularly poultry farming and tomato farming has been adversely affected by these financing requirements. Prior to joining the band wagon on trade liberalisation, Ghana was recognised as a leading country on self-sufficiency in Africa. The government through marketing, and subsidies to farmers had embarked on a nationwide campaign to boost the agricultural sector. Liberalisation in the late 80s and early 90s saw a reversal of these policies; tariffs on agricultural products such as rice, poultry and tomatoes were reduced drastically(Issah, 2007). The elimination of the fertiliser subsidy and the phasing out of the marketing support saw an increase in production costs for local farmers. The EU on the other hand had, and still has, subsidies to its farmers; as such exports from Ghana to the EU would still be substantially more costly. Additionally, the subsidies allow for low production costs and as such European tomatoes and poultry parts can be imported and sold at cheaper prices in Ghana(Boonstra, 2007). Between 1993 and 2003, imports in chicken parts were recorded to have risen by 144 percent; this was due to the aforementioned withdrawal of government support and the heavy subsidisation of poultry farming in Europe. Similarly, the privatisation campaign saw the shutdown of tomato-canning factories, in addition to the reduced tariffs a gap was created which allowed subsidised European tomato products to enter the Ghanaian market(Khor, 2010). For a country that relies heavily on agriculture, as with most developing countries, this effect was crippling on the Ghanaian economy. In an effort to revive its economy and support local trade, the Ghanaian parliament in 2003 sought to increase tariffs on poultry and other European products so as to encourage consumers to buy local goods. The poultry tariff was raised to 40 percent(Clapp Cohen, 2009); the WTO allows for an increase of up to 99 percent. However, pressure from the IMF and the World Bank led to the suspension of the Act 641 impo sing tariffs barely three months after it was introduced by parliament(FAO, 2014). The following discourse will analyse the EUs subsidisation policies, the WTO requirements and the IMF and World Bank policies on tariffs against ethical theories to determine the ethical issues arising from Ghanas imposition of tariffs on EU exports. Ethical issues arising One of the principles of fair trade is the creation of opportunities for disadvantaged producers(McDonald, 2015); in order to achieve this and other goals, international trade is guided by various ethical theories. The utilitarian principle is that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Mill, 2017). The happiness concerned in this case is of all parties; as such utilitarianism is a theory that aims to promote the maximum good and happiness of all parties involved. In the business context, if a policy or contract promotes the greater good of parties over any other alternative then it is good(Fernando, 2010). From a utilitarian standing, the policies governing trade liberalisation, with particular reference to this case study, have been more disadvantageous than good to the majority of developing countries. The EU subsidy policies have made it difficult for developing countries to compete both internati onally and on their own turf. Additionally, the trade restrictions on tariffs which are requirements imposed by the IMF and World Bank only serve to put Ghana at a worse of position. As such the efforts by Ghana to increase tariffs would be for the greater good of its citizens and its economy at large. The IMF and World Bank requirements, with regard to the utilitarian theory are unethical as they do not serve the greater good on Ghana; Ghanas efforts through increased tariffs will be ethically appropriate as they are within the bounds of international trade and additionally are an effort to give local produce an equal footing. Deontology provides another ethical approach from which to analyse international trade practices. Deontology concerns itself with the preservation of rights(Ferrell, et al., 2016); an action is ethically and morally right in the deontologists view where it fulfils a duty, and preserves or observes the theories of justice, equity and fairness(McDonald, 2015). In the context of international trade, the deontologist school of thought would encompass the consideration of the rights of all parties involved and the observation of equity and fairness in the performance of ones contractual duties. A deontologist in international trade would observe their duties to refrain from causing harm to distant less privileged strangers(Brock Moellendorf, 2006). The deontological view point is guided by duties; it is a duty-based approach and the gist is that duties are a moral guide and people should not be treated as a means to an end. Looking at the situation leading up to Ghanas attempt to raise tariffs, it was evident that only European countries where benefiting from the current trade agreements on tomatoes and poultry trade. This in essence could be argued as using Ghana as a means to an ends where developed countries got wealthier while the less advantaged developing country suffered economic decline. As such, the existing conditions leading up to Ghanas tariff raise in 2003 were unethical. The Ghanaian government has a duty, imposed by its social contract with its citizens to protect their interests and secure their economic future, it can be said that from a deontological perspective, the Ghanaian government is morally obligated to do anything in its power for the good of its people. Therefore, by raising tariffs on European tomatoes and poultry so as to protect local trade, the Ghanaian government was exercising its duty which by deontological standards is ethical. Legal issues arising In considering the ethical issues arising in this particular case study, it is prudent to consider and analyse the legal issues arising as well. The first issue to consider it the legal consequences of Ghanas decision as a member of the WTO; that is, what are the legal implications of raising tariffs on imports of European tomatoes and chicken. On joining the WTO, members make commitments to keep their tariffs; the customs they charge on imports from other members states, beneath a certain level. The maximum amount set is known as the bound rate, however the tariffs they apply, applied rates, can be far below this value(WTO, 2014). For Ghana, the bound rate under the WTO agreement is 99 per cent on poultry; as such, the 2003 Act to increase this tariff to 40 per cent fell well within the countries obligations as a member of the WTO. Therefore, on both ethical grounds, guided by deontological philosophy and utilitarianism, Ghana acted legally and ethically in this respect. In the 1980s, the debt crisis saw developing countries unable to repay their loans; rising oil prices had seen banks coffers filled up with petro-dollars which in turn led to a lending spree in the 1970s(Palaganas, 2014). The World Bank and the IMF developed structural adjustment programmes which it imposed on developing countries in need of loans; these SAPs saw the privatisation of various industries, cuts in government spending, increased interest rates and trade liberalisation(Tion, 2014). It is these programmes imposed on Ghana by the IMF and the World Bank that led to the decline in its local poultry and tomato trade. Trade finance is the lifeblood of international trade(Baker Riddick, 2013). Countries require adequate financing to engage in international trade so as to expand their revenue. For most developing countries, the IMF and the World Bank are a major source of this financing. However, in order to gain this funding they must comply with certain requirements such as tr ade liberalisation. They are therefore legally bound to ensure their activities promote trade liberalisation and globalisation. This poses a legal issues especially as it is evident that trade liberalisation has had some detrimental effects on African economies. Essentially, Ghana, in attempting to carry out its obligations to its people by raising tariffs to protect its farmers, is faced with the legal challenge of upholding its contractual duty to the IMF and the World Bank; increasing tariffs went against the promotion of trade liberalisation and as such the IMF exerted pressure on the Ghanaian parliament to suspend the Act. However, the IMF and World Bank policies in Africa have been criticised as promoting the violation of the human right to development and creating an environment that infringes on the right to food(Kingston, et al., 2011). For instance, in the case study in question, restrictions on tariffs leave Ghana without a defence against trade practices that are detrimental to its farmers and local producers. This takes away their right to earn a living and fend for themselves and their family and ultimately their right to develop which in turn leads to a poverty stricken nation. Conclusion In considering the Ghana and EU case study, the discourse has identified various ethical and legal issues arising from the scenario. Ethically, the issues to consider were whether the decision was for the ultimate good of all parties and in exercise of a moral duty as imposed by utilitarian and deontological schools of thought. This was considered against Ghanas legal obligations as a member of the WTO and a debtor to the IMF and World Bank. In essence, Ghana was well within its legal obligations to the WTO as the raised tariff rate was still below the bound rates. However, the decision went against the requirements of the IMF and WTO on trade liberalisation to keep tariffs low. Ethically, however, Ghanas decision was morally correct, it aimed to promote the happiness of its citizens; which is the primary duty of the state as per the social contract. Reference list Baker, K. H. Riddick, L. A., 2013. International finance: A survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Boonstra, E., 2007. EU tomato exports to Ghana. [Online] Available at: https://www.cmo.nl/epa-uk/pdf/source_2_eu_tomatoes_compete_with_ghanian_tomatoes.pdf [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Brock, G. Moellendorf, D., 2006. Current debates in global justice. 1st ed. Netherlands: Springer. Clapp, J. Cohen, M. J., 2009. The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenges and Opportunities. s.l.:Wilfrid Laurier University Press. FAO, 2014. Poultry sector Ghana, Rome: FAO Animal Productions and Health Livestock Country Reviews. Fernando, A., 2010. Business Ethics and Coporate Governance. s.l.:Pearson Education. Ferrell, O., Fraendrich, J. Ferrell, L., 2016. Business Ethics: Ethical Decison Making and Cases. 11th ed. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Hillman, A., 2008. Trade liberalisation and globalisation. In: C. K. Rowley F. G. Schneider, eds. Readings in public choice and constitutional political economy. s.l.:Springer, pp. 497-510. Ismi, A., 2004. Impoverishing a Continent: The World Bank and the IMF in Africa, s.l.: Halifax Initiative Coalition. Issah, M., 2007. Right to food of tomato and poultry farmers: Report of an investgative mission to Ghana, s.l.: German Watch. Khor, M., 2010. Trade policy implications for Africa's Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, pp. 99-107. Kingston, K. G., Kingston, C. S., Irikana, G. Dienye, V., 2011. The impacts of the World Bank and IMF Structural Adjustment Programmes on Africa: The case study of Cote D'Ivoire, Senegal, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Sacha Journal of Policy ans Strategic Studies, 1(2), pp. 110-130. Kline, J. M., 2010. Ethics for international business: Decision making in a global political economy. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. McDonald, G., 2015. Business Ethics: A Contemporary Approach. s.l.:Cambridge University Press. Mill, J. S., 2017. Utilitarianism. s.l.:Coventry House Publishing. News Rescue, 2009. How IMF-World Bank Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) Destroyed Africa. [Online] Available at: https://newsrescue.com/how-the-imf-world-bank-and-structural-adjustment-programsap-destroyed-africa/#axzz4iV3PNdaC [Accessed 29 May 2017]. Palaganas, E. C., 2014. Health Services or Debt Servicing?: SAPs in the Philippines and the Healthcare Delivery System, Hong Kong: International Nersing Research Congress. Tion, P. A., 2014. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank: An assesment of the role of Africa's Integration into global economic system. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(II), pp. 09-17. WTO, 2014. Trade and tariffs: Trade grows as tariffs decline, s.l.: World Trade Orgamisation . WTO, 2017. Ghana and the WTO. [Online] Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/ghana_e.htm [Accessed 29 May 2017]. WTO, 2017. Understanding the WTO: Principles of the trading system. [Online] Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm [Accessed 29 May 2017].

Designing Flexible Work Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Designing Flexible Work. Answer: In the organization there are various types of workers such as full time, part time or even the casual workers who contribute together in little or complete working shifts towards achieving organization goals. Different worker might have different working patterns according to their needs which if the company wraps with clear formulated policies and procedures then it can keep its workforce attracted and operating smoothly. The focused employees are of airline organization for which proper evaluated recommendation for flexible working shifts without affecting the cost factor of the organization are elaborated below. The following essay throws light on the various typical workers and their need to work life balance. The different patterns of work life and accordingly the type of work life balance can be provided. The airlines have their competitive strategy by influencing their internal customers with various perks such as offering with travel facilities, family trips to give them per sonal time. Typical type of workers in the organization consist of the major part is full time employees, part time employees and casual employees. The type of workers can be varying in the organization with respect to their work and duties. Full time employees work in the organization with the ongoing employment and on an average works for 38 hours in a week. In most places the full time employees are paid according to the calculated hourly or at the end of every month as salary. The employees are offered with benefits such as sick leave with pay, health insurance and annual leave. The part time workers are those which work for fewer hours as compared to full time workers. They work in shifts and most of the time the shifts are rotational. They are not facilitated with the benefits as like the full time workers. They enter into a part time employment contract with employer. Whereas casual employees work in their own flexible shifts and when the employers ask them to accomplish any work (Kryger, 2015). They are completely different from full and part timer. They are independent to refuse the task when they do not feel like to do. Work life balance considers the concept to enhance the employees to divide their time and energy between work and their personal or other important stuff in their lives. Work life balance includes efforts on a daily basis to spend quality time with family, friends, community participation, self care and other personal activities along with fulfilling the demands of the workplace (Goodwin Graebe, 2017). In order to enhance and provide a better work life balance the employers also play an important role to assist the employees to seek a proper balance in their personal and work life (Epstein et al., 2014). These are implemented with instituting policies, procedures, actions (Marchington et al., 2016). To maintain a good work life balance there can be various perks that can be offered to the employees either full time or part time or even for the casuals. The full time employees can be offered with the timing to enter the job in case to those workers who have distance or transport problems. It might be specific that the time they enter should be more in a difference of 1 hour and that they need to fill by adjusting to work 1 hour more to complete the working shift. The working days or the leaves can be made flexible according to the employees opinion. For example, the employees can take their holidays on any of the working days instead of Sunday and in that place he or she would work on Sunday. For all the type of employees the organization should provide free meals and transportation. The working hours or the shifts determined different employees come with the need of their own personal issues or benefits. Like, many employees have childcare issue, health problems, maintenance of disabled or elderly, education and transport or distance from workplace. These problems may arise mostly for the working women, parents and the old employees of the organization. The above reasons can help the management to understand the need of the employees to make them more secure and attract them towards their company to maintain the effective workforce. The full time employees shall be given flexible working schedules and week off (Kroemer Kroemer, 2016). For example the employee can take Monday as his week off in place of Sunday. The employees who are engaged in education can find this measure useful. Part time workers and all other workers can be offered with travel and accommodation from the organization itself which can lead to prevent their transport and travel distance issue. The organization can provide career and health solution to the employees to encourage their working environment and spirit (Zheng et al., 2015). The parents working here can be worried about their children at home, for which the childcare facility can be provided to increase the employee efficiency at work and reduce the work shifts and leave issues (Munsch, 2016). The employees with training and education engagement can be helped with their career field by setting seminars and counseling plans for them. It will increase the work motivation and employee loyalty by earning the objective that employee development is one of the goals of the organization. There can be perks for the employees each of different category, which can make the casual or part time workers turn into permanent and full time workers (Natarajan Palanissamy, 2015). These may include family trips for the employees in packages at affordable price which will give them some private time to spend with their family. There must be paid long holiday taking options or paid vacation time along with sick leaves for the employees who can give them allowance of personal space (Romich, 2015). The part timers once complete their 90 days of work in the organization could be eligible for health insurance such as dental and vision. For the part timers the flexible time shifts can be made to encourage the college students to work. The Philippines airline uses the strategy of managing its cost as well differentiating it with other of its competitors in terms of making its internal employees satisfy which in turn gives quality and effective output. The organization follows the rule of happy employees give out happy customers. Similarly, if the organization is able to satisfy the need not completely but partially within the cost effect of the organization will result to the employees performing effectively without any retention (Adame, Caplliure Miquel, 2016). By keeping the customers happy which will be performed by the employees simply bring the organization competitive advantage as compared to others. The services provided to the customers are mainly to be objectified for the organization which will be fulfilled by the employees by making the customers satisfy. The organization initiates to satisfy the customers so that the customers give their best effort to accomplish the organization goals. The organization focuses towards making the employees satisfy within the cost management. The effective use of cost to maintain the employees of the entire category may be it as part timer or full timer or a casual. The organization by devoting its cost in the employees get a higher return of investment from them in terms of getting effective and efficient work service which is probably appreciated. For example, childcare and free meals can be provided to employees in allow cost budget and in return can bring high profits. In the end the essay can be concluded as by the three types of workers were evaluated on the work pattern according to their need. The three different types focused were part timer, full timer and casual workers. The workers of different category may sort under different problems like, education, childcare or elder care, health issues and many more. However, the organization can serve with many work life balance techniques which can prove out to be useful such as paid vacation times, leave arrangement for sick purpose, personal purpose and many others as within the cost of the organization. This way the competitive strategy can be made through the use of a strong and effective workforce which will enable the organization to serve with premium quality of services. The organization deals with premium products to facilitate its customer to enrich with the best quality service and to promote offers and discounts to increase its sales. References Adame, C., Caplliure, E. M., Miquel, M. J. (2016). Worklife balance and firms: A matter of women?.Journal of Business Research,69(4), 1379-1383. Epstein, C. F., Seron, C., Oglensky, B., Saute, R. (2014).The part-time paradox: Time norms, professional life, family and gender. Routledge. Goodwin, G. C., Graebe, S. F. (2017). Work-Life Balance. InA Doctorate and Beyond(pp. 179-185). Springer, Cham. Kroemer, A. D., Kroemer, K. H. (2016).Office Ergonomics: Ease and Efficiency at Work. CRC Press. Kryger, T. (2015).Casual employment in Australia: A quick guide. Parliamentary Library. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R., Kynighou, A. (2016).Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Munsch, C. L. (2016). Flexible work, flexible penalties: the effect of gender, childcare, and type of request on the flexibility bias.Social Forces,94(4), 1567-1591. Natarajan, S. D., Palanissamy, A. (2015). Employee Motivation Encouraging Retention in the Workplace: A Critical Study.International Journal of Management Sciences,5(10), 709-715. Pearson, J., OConnell, J. F., Pitfield, D. E., Ryley, T. (2015). Competition Between Asian Network Airlines and Low-Cost Carriers: Strategic Analysis.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2501), 56-65. Romich, J. L. (2015). Paid leave mandates may fail to reach part-time workers.American journal of public health,105(5), e1. Shaw, S. (2016).Airline marketing and management. Routledge. Zheng, C., Molineux, J., Mirshekary, S., Scarparo, S. (2015). Developing individual and organisational work-life balance strategies to improve employee health and wellbeing.Employee Relations,37(3), 354-379.

Essay Topics For World History

Essay Topics For World HistoryWith today's world-wide society, we all expect the writer to have knowledge about world history. This is understandable because the history of a country is like its identity, and without a clear idea about its history, the entire country cannot be considered as true to its national culture and identity. Here are a few essay topics for world history.You should consider writing an essay on the history of the modern world. This requires you to focus not only on events that happened in the past, but also on events that happened in the present or can happen in the future. For this reason, make sure that you address some subjects that are currently the hot topics, like the war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan, the nuclear development in the United States, and the peace treaty between the United States and North Korea.The writer should also remember that for any writer, it is important to mention the famous poet who wrote about the subject of the essay. In case you are asking for the essay topic about the English Romantic poets, then read Eliot's 'The Waste Land'A Vision.' For the German Romantic poets, try the poems by Schiller, Goethe, and Hemmingway.Is it a great question for the writer to ask himself if he knows the history of the Italian Renaissance? Well, it is a good question to ask yourself. For example, ask yourself, what did the Italian Renaissance's Renaissance come from? What were the major ideas of the time?You may also want to take a look at the history of medieval Europe, especially in England. Europe was involved in a long period of warfare that lasted for hundreds of years. Many influential people throughout history came from this era, and many famous figures came from this era.You can also look at the world history. With so many things happening in the world, the world has always been a target for military conflicts, which led to the rise of the country that would eventually become the United States.While you are writing these essays topics for world history, it would be helpful if you practice writing well. While the main subject of the essay is the history of the world, the writer should still include important information such as the president of the United States, as well as the soldiers and people who lived in the United States before the birth of the country.

Physician Assisted Suicide free essay sample

The role of a practicing medical doctor, or a physician, is defined by Mosby’s Dental Dictionary as a practitioner of medicine; one lawfully engaged in the practice of medicine. The essential word in this definition is lawful – physicians must act in a manner that is ethical to their practice and lawful to the country in which they are practicing. In most countries, murder and suicide are unlawful; therefore for a doctor to commit such an act would be considered as crime. For this reason, I stand by my belief that doctors should only prescribe life terminating drugs in certain cases, which I will explain below. To help strengthen my argument, I will use facts and opinions given by philosophers James Rachels and John Paul ll. James Rachels, an American philosopher who specialized in ethics, authored an article titled Active and Passive Euthanasia, which describes the difference between two forms of euthanasia. We will write a custom essay sample on Physician Assisted Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Active euthanasia is defined as a circumstance in which a doctor administers drugs into a patient’s body with intent to end their life. Passive euthanasia is when a doctor withdraws from giving their patient medical attention, knowing that without the care they will seize to survive. After reading Rachels’ article, I was able to differentiate between the two forms of physician assisted suicide, which essentially helped in my deliberation if it should be permissible. Additionally, my argument is based upon the definition and viewpoint philosopher John Paul II’s gave of euthanasia in his article The Tragedy of Euthanasia. In his article euthanasia is described as â€Å"an action or omission which of itself and by intention causes death, with the purpose of eliminating all suffering. † Paul stated that depending on the circumstances, this practice is malicious and can fall into the categories of suicide and murder (Paul 204). Another key component to my argument is derived from John Arras’s three criteria for physicians assisted suicide. The three criteria are: that all request for eath be truly voluntary, all reasonable alternatives to PAS and active euthanasia must be explored before granting the request for death, and a system must be kept to record all cases of PAS in order to prevent abuse (Arras 232). Arras created these criteria with the hopes that it would prevent abuse of physicians assisted suicide and that is only acted on in appropriate circumstances. The two criteria which support my argument is voluntary action and that all other options have been explored. Like Arras, I believe there are a limited number of situations in which PAS should be an option. From what I have gathered, I have determined my own personal opinion, which is that when physician assisted suicide is required and only when it is required, it should be completed as passive euthanasia. Situational details for my argument are as follows: Physicians assisted suicide should only be acted upon in extreme situations in which the patient has either 1. ) Been in a permanent vegetative state for at least six months, and the family has determined to seize treatment. In this circumstance, drugs should not be administered to illicit death. Instead, all treatment should be ended. 2. ) Been given a short amount of time (less than a month) to live and wishes to pass away peacefully instead of suffering, the physician can end treatment. In no case should a drug be prescribed to end the patient’s life, but by the patient’s request the physician can administer pain killers or a numbing drug for the patient to exit peacefully. 3. ) has an ample amount of time to live, but still has the desire to exit life, the physician should offer alternatives to the patient – euthanasia not being one of them. I have specifically identified the three situations above, because I feel only in these cases should the doctor seriously consider the option of PAS, or in the situation of option three, how to alternatively assist a patient who is seriously considering euthanasia. In the first case, I mention the doctor’s patient being in a permanent vegetative state – medically defined as patients who have an irreversible loss of brain damage who are left permanently unaware and extremely unlike to ever recover. The vegetative state case is a vital circumstance in which the doctor should consider euthanasia, because these patients will most likely never function fully as human beings again, therefore never to lead a life worth living. The decision is only to be made by the family, guardian, or caregiver of the patient rather the doctor should end treatment to allow to patient to live. However, this should only be done after six months of complete inactivity of the patient, to secure there is no chance of revival. If the family requests for their loved one to be kept alive after the six month, their wishes must be granted; the doctor shall have no say in the decision. In the case of a patient with a short amount of time to live (for example, if a disease was quickly eating and decomposing their body) and there was no cure that would keep them alive, doctors should also seize treatment if it’s is the patients wish to do so. If their wish is to be at peace for the remainder of their lifetime, the doctor should be admitted to prescribe painkillers or numbing medicines, in order to make the patient comfortable. Still, even in this circumstance, the physician should not consider active euthanasia. To prescribe a patient with deadly drugs at this point their life, would be to take a life too soon. Actions such as this would be considered murder, which is unlawful for a human being and unethical for a practicing physician. I included the third case in my argument, a patient with an ample amount of life left with the wish to end it, because I assume this is a case physicians are faced with commonly. A situation described in Timothy Quill’s article, Death and Dignity, pertains to this circumstance. One of Quill’s patients, a 45-year-old woman with Leukemia, has been under his care for years. One day she reached a point where her health had reached another decline, but instead of completing another round of chemotherapy, she wanted to enjoy the rest of the time she had with her family. After sometime, she requested sleeping pills from Quill, to exit life peacefully – he completed her prescription and within a matter of days she had taken her life. I believe Quill was wrong for giving her the prescription – this is a form of active euthanasia, and more so, a case of murder. The end of her life was determined by herself and Quill, not by the natural course her life was supposed to take. Yes, she would have eventually died at some point due to her illness, however her actual death was premature. A doctor should not have the power to decide the course of someone’s life. When a physician is presented with circumstances similar to Quill’s, they should insist on helping their patient find alternative options. This ties back into Arras’s three criteria – explore all alternatives to PAS before granting a patients wish to end their life. My justification for being completely against active euthanasia most likely stems from my strong sense of optimism. I believe life will lead its own course and should not be interrupted by others, but even more so I believe in a sense of hope and perseverance, and ultimately justice. When a patient decides to take his or her life and a doctor succumbs to the idea, the reality of the future for a patient is completely ignored. If the patient has an option between life and death – the option chosen should always be life. In our society we look down at perfectly healthy people who commit suicide, and I feel these situations are no different. I also believe these situations should be looked at in term of justice. A physician, rather given permission or not, has no greater right than any other human being to take another’s life. However, I do understand that while I am emotionally tied to this issue, there are others who think more strategically and who may have objections to the points I have made. The strongest objection I have discovered is that the fault should not be placed on the doctor, when the decision to end their life is the patients. They feel the doctor is not committing murder. I understand the logic behind this thought, however, I stand by the definition that I mentioned early in the essay – a physician is to act ethically and lawfully. More than any other duty of a physician, their job is to keep their patients healthy. In no way, does speeding up the process of death allow a patient to improve their health status. I also respond to this objection by restating that a physician has no greater right than any other human being when it comes to ending a life. A physician who commits active euthanasia should be accused and tried just as any other human who kills another. I believe physician assisted suicide should be legalized but with strict restrictions to prevent abuse and unnecessary deaths committed by physicians. The restrictions should follow stern codes, which will be determined by the government and medical associations, in order to maintain a just and trustworthy health system. Physician Assisted Suicide free essay sample In the medical field there are massive amounts of treatments for various diseases. Some treatments are going to help the patient feel more comfortable; however, some are going to counteract the problem, and others are going to help kill the patient. Physician assisted suicide is defined by medterms. com as â€Å"the  voluntary  termination of ones own life by administration of a  lethal  substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician.   Any person wishing to undergo assisted suicide in Oregon must be at least 18 years of age and have a terminal illness. This illness must be within its final stages and leave the patient with less than six months to live. Within these six months a patient can request the treatment, but must orally request twice, and provide a written request once as well. In order to receive this treatment, however, a second physician must give a second opinion on the length the patient has to live. We will write a custom essay sample on Physician Assisted Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In her article, â€Å"Physician-Assisted Suicide: Compassionate Liberation or Murder? Vicki Lachman talks about the option that patients have to request a lethal dosage of medication. She explores the moral conscience of nurses, the ethical and moral issues, and the legal issues that surround a patient’s request for lethal dosages. Similarly in her article, â€Å"Physician-Assisted Suicide: Development, Status, and Nursing Perspectives,† Theresa F. Rose gives background on the history of physician assisted suicide. She investigates the perspectives that nurses have on the issue and their personal views on the subject. Joris Gielen and his coworkers show a different angle in their article, â€Å"Religion and Nurses’ Attitudes to Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide. † Their goal was to find the viewpoint of nurses on physician assisted suicide in regards to their religious beliefs. There are many different viewpoints on physician assisted suicide and they come from many different sources. Although physician assisted suicide may seem like a personal liberation from suffering for the patient, it is emotionally stressing on healthcare professionals. Within the healthcare spectrum the nursing staff is the closest to the patient and must deal with the moral feelings caused by physician assisted suicide. Nursing staff are going to have the closest contact with patients and their families, and therefore, will become attached to the families. This makes it difficult to live with such a decision. According to Lachman, â€Å"nurses who frequently care for dying patients did tend to be less supportive of euthanasia. †(124) Personally I can say that caring for a dying patient is very difficult. The patient may be struggling and having trouble breathing or swallowing, but they are still hanging on. In this case it is the nursing staff that tries to make the patient as comfortable as possible, but there is no thought of helping them die. There is a conscious thought to always have the patient’s comfort first place, and any other behavior would go against the moral standard set by many medical professionals. Assisting with suicide also violates the Code for Nurses with Interpretative Statements as well as any other ethical code put into place by established nursing associations. Doctors also have a moral issue in dealing with physician assisted suicide. Although the nurses generally have more contact with the patients, the doctors are still very present with patients. While nurses have the connection with patients that would be very difficult to harm, physicians have a very difficult job as well. The physician has to fulfill the wishes of the patient and prescribe the needed medication. This in itself seems unethical because the doctor is prescribing a lethal dosage of medication that will ultimately kill their patient. Furthermore, doctors must recite an oath that ensures they are only practicing to help patients, not harm them. The Hippocratic Oath is recited by new physicians stating they will practice medicine ethically. In the original version it says, â€Å"I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. † This statement goes strictly against any physician assisted suicide plans. Ultimately physician assisted suicide goes against moral and ethical judgment that is placed within the â€Å"hands† of a practicing physician. Moral behavior of a murderer is considered lacking in many cases, but how are physicians who administer a lethal dosage of drugs any different? There are many physicians who are participating in assisted suicide, but they all have lives within their hands. They are responsible for the lives they have been entrusted with. In Norway any physician that helped with assisted suicide was charged with â€Å"accessory to murder. † In the United States there are many laws regarding murder, but accessory to murder is also a charge. A person who is considered an accessory to murder is â€Å"not typically present at the scene of the crime, but contributes to the success of the crime before or after the fact. † This statement creates a controversial wave within the country. Those physicians who are prescribing deadly doses of medication are knowingly providing a means to kill someone. Even though the physician does not administer the drugs themselves, the patient is still being killed because of the physician’s prescription. The immorality of prescribing lethal drugs may be heavily felt by the prescribing physician after administration. Many physicians are affected by the procedure after it has taken place. They are held responsible, but not liable, for the patient and their death. They provided the needed prescription to cause death to a patient. In a survey mentioned in an article by Kenneth R. Stevens, Jr. , M. D. , FACR, it was stated that, â€Å"53% of physicians received comfort from having helped a patient with euthanasia or PAS, 24% regretted performing euthanasia or PAS, and 16% of the physicians reported that the emotional burden of performing euthanasia or PAS adversely affected their medical practice. It is obvious that the effects of such a traumatic experience are hard on any physician. The act of killing someone, even if it is just prescribing the needed medication, is hard on the conscious mind of any psychologically sound person. Although it would seem that the physicians practicing physician assisted suicide should know what kind of psychological battle they are getting into, some are finding it m ore difficult than they first believed. These physicians have to prescribe a drug that will kill their patient, the one they have tried to keep as healthy as possible.

Definition and Examples of Lists in Composition

Definition and Examples of Lists in Composition Definition In composition, a list is a  series of particular images, details, or facts.  Also called a  series, a catalog, an inventory, and (in  classical rhetoric)  enumeratio. Lists are often used in works of fiction and creative nonfiction (including essays) to evoke a sense of place or character. Lists are commonly used in business writing and technical writing to convey factual information succinctly.   The items in a list are usually arranged in parallel form and separated by commas (or semicolons if the items themselves contain commas). In business writing and technical writing, lists are commonly arranged vertically, with each item preceded by a number or a bullet. Lists may also be used as a discovery or prewriting strategy. (See listing.) See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Writing With Descriptive ListsAccumulationAsyndeton and PolysyndetonCongeriesCoordinate Adjectives and Cumulative AdjectivesCrotEnumeratioFocusingListicleOutlineRhythmSpacingSerial CommaSynathroesmusSystropheTetracolon Climax  and  TricolonWilliam H. Gass on Writing With Lists Lists in Paragraphs and Essays Edward Abbeys List of Examples in The Great American DesertIan Fraziers List of Reasons in Great PlainsLists in Bill Brysons Neither Here Nor ThereLists in William Least Heat-Moons Place DescriptionStreet Yarn by Walt WhitmanWhen I Come to Be Old by Jonathan Swift Examples and Observations A rat can creep out late at night and have a feast. In the horse barn you will find oats that the trotters and pacers have spilled. In the trampled grass of the infield you will find old discarded lunch boxes containing the foul remains of peanut butter sandwiches, hard-boiled eggs, cracker crumbs, bits of doughnuts, and particles of cheese. In the hard-packed dirt of the midway, after the glaring lights are out and the people have gone home to bed, you will find a veritable treasure of popcorn fragments, frozen custard dribblings, candied apples abandoned by tired children, sugar fluff crystals, salted almonds, popsicles, partially gnawed ice cream cones, and the wooden sticks of lollypops. Everywhere is loot for a rat- in tents, in booths, in hay lofts- why, a fair has enough disgusting leftover food to satisfy a whole army of rats.(E.B. White, Charlottes Web. Harper Brothers, 1952)There were too many bells at  Castrevenford altogether. There were the clock chimes, which sounded the hours, halves and quarters with peevish insistence; the bells in the Science Building; the electric bell which marked the beginning and end of each lesson; the hand bells in the Houses; the chapel bell, which had obviously suffered some radical mishap during its casting.(Edmund Crispin [Bruce Montgomery],  Love Lies Bleeding, 1948) Her speech was an endlessly interesting, swerving path of old punch lines, heartfelt cris de coeur, puns new and old, dramatic true confessions, challenges, witty one-liners, wee Scotticisms, tag lines from Frank Sinatra songs, obsolete mountain nouns, and moral exhortations.(Annie Dillard, An American Childhood. Harper Row, 1987)What a jovial and a merry world would this be, may it please your worships, but for that inextricable labyrinth of debts, cares, woes, want, grief, discontent, melancholy, large jointures, impositions and lies!(Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy, 1759-1767)The modern technocracies of the West have their roots in the medieval European world, from which there emerged three great inventions: the mechanical clock, which provided a new conception of time; the printing press with movable type, which attacked the epistemology of the oral tradition; and the telescope, which attacked the fundamental propositions of Judeo-Christian theology. Each of these was significa nt in creating a new relationship between tools and culture.(Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) One sometimes gets the impression that the mere words Socialism and Communism draw towards them with magnetic force every fruit-juice drinker, nudist, sandal-wearer, sex-maniac, Quaker, Nature Cure quack, pacifist and feminist in England.(George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier, 1937)Bare lists of words are found suggestive to an imaginative and excited mind.(Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Poet, 1844)My own inclination is to think of [lists] as a rhetorical figure- like hyperbole, say, or zeugma- as essentially humble figure that can be extended indefinitely and still flavour what it is applied to.(Francis Spufford, The Chatto Book of Cabbages and Kings: Lists in Literature. Chatto Windus, 1989)A List of Tom Sawyers TreasuresThere was no lack of material; boys happened along every little while; they came to jeer, but remained to whitewash. . . . And when the middle of the afternoon came, from being a poor poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth. He had besid es the things before mentioned, twelve marbles, part of a jews-harp, a piece of blue bottle-glass to look through, a spool cannon, a key that wouldnt unlock anything, a fragment of chalk, a glass stopper of a decanter, a tin soldier, a couple of tadpoles, six fire-crackers, a kitten with only one eye, a brass door-knob, a dog-collar- but no dog- the handle of a knife, four pieces of orange-peel, and a dilapidated old window sash.He had had a nice, good, idle time all the while- plenty of company- and the fence had three coats of whitewash on it! If he hadn’t run out of whitewash he would have bankrupted every boy in the village.(Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876) The Contents of Mildreds CupboardsWhen she opened the cupboards, an ache slid down her forehead into her nasal passage and throbbed on the roof of each nostril. It continued like an arrow into her skull, and skated up and down her neck until it had no place else to go. Mildred gave her head a good shake. Bags of black-eyed peas, pinto beans, butter beans, lima beans, and a big bag of rice stared her in the face. She opened another cabinet and there sat half a jar of peanut butter, a can of sweet peas and carrots, one can of creamed corn, and two cans of pork-n-beans. There was nothing in the refrigerator except a few crinkly apples shed gotten from the apple man two weeks ago, a stick of margarine, four eggs, a quart of milk, a box of lard, a can of Pet milk, and a two-inch piece of salt pork.(Terry McMillan, Mama. Houghton Mifflin, 1987)The List as a Graphic Device- Keep in mind that graphic devices should be used carefully and with moderation, not just for decoration or to dress up a letter or report. Used properly, they can help you toorganize, arrange, and emphasize your ideasmake your work easier to read and recallpreview and summarize your ideas, for example, headingslist related items to help readers distinguish, follow, compare, and recall themas this bulleted list does(Philip C. Kolin, Successful Writing at Work, 8th ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2007)- The most important effect of any list is to create white space on the page, making for a relaxed visual environment in which information can be scanned and understood.(Roy Peter Clark, How to Write Short. Little, Brown and Company, 2013) The Appeal of Online ListsWe share what we’re thinking about- and we think about the things we can remember. This facet of sharing helps explain the appeal of list-type stories . . ., as well as stories that stick in your mind because they are bizarre. Lists also get shared because of another feature that [marketing professor Jonah] Berger often finds successful: the promise of practical value. We see top-ten lists on Buzzfeed and the like all the time, he notes. It allows people to feel like there’s a nice packet of useful information that they can share with others. We want to feel smart and for others to perceive us as smart and helpful, so we craft our online image accordingly.(Maria Konnikova, The Six Things That Make Stories Go Viral Will Amaze, and Maybe Infuriate, You. The New Yorker, January 21, 2014)The Functions of Lists- Lists . . . may compile a history, gather evidence, order and organize phenomena, present an agenda of apparent formlessness, and express a multiplicity of voices and experiences. . . .Each unit in a list possesses an individual significance but also a specific meaning by virtue of its membership with the other units in the compilation (though this is not to say that the units are always equally significant). Writers find a wide range of application for lists because of this capability, and subsequently critics offer a variety of readings.(Robert E. Belknap, The List: The Uses and Pleasures of Cataloguing. Yale University  Press, 2004)- [E]ssayists have been using the list as a way to structure thought for a long time. (Sontag’s Notes on Camp, to point to a famous example, takes the form of a list of fifty-eight numbered fragments.) But the list is a way of writing that anticipates, and addresses itself to, a certain capriciousness in the reader. By not only allowing partial and fleeting engagement but by actively encouraging it, the list becomes the form which accommodates itself most smoothly to the way a lo t of us read now, a lot of the time. It’s the house style of a distracted culture.(Marc OConnell, 10 Paragraphs About Lists You Need in Your Life Right Now. The New Yorker, August 29, 2013) Dorothy Sayers on the Advertisers ListsThe very work that engaged him- or rather, the shadow simulacrum of himself that signed itself on every morning- wafted him into a sphere of dim platonic archetypes, bearing a scarcely recognizable relationship to anything in the living world. Here those strange entities, the Thrifty Housewife, the Man of Discrimination, the Keen Buyer and the Good Judge, for ever young, for ever handsome, for ever virtuous, economical and inquisitive, moved to and fro upon their complicated orbits, comparing prices and values, making tests of purity, asking indiscreet questions about each others ailments, household expenses, bed-springs, shaving cream, diet, laundry work and boots, perpetually spending to save and saving to spend, cutting out coupons and collecting cartons, surprising husbands with margarine and wives with patent washers and vacuum-cleaners, occupied from morning to night in washing, cooking, dusting, filing, saving their children from germs, t heir complexions from wind and weather, their teeth from decay and their stomachs from indigestion, and yet adding so many hours to the day by labour-saving appliances  that they had always leisure for visiting the talkies, sprawling on the beach to picnic upon Potted Meats and Tinned Fruit, and (when adorned by So-and-sos Silks, Blanks Gloves, Dashs Footwear, Whatnots Weatherproof Complexion Cream and Thingummys Beautifying Shampoos), even attending Renalagh, Cowes, the Grand Stand at Ascot, Monte Carlo and the Queens Drawing-Rooms.(Dorothy L. Sayers, Murder Must Advertise, 1933) Tom Wolfes List: Subway Station at 50th Street and Broadway (circa 1965)All round them, tens, scores, it seems like hundreds, of faces and bodies are perspiring, trooping and bellying up the stairs with arteriosclerotic grimaces past a showcase full of such novelty items as Joy Buzzers, Squirting Nickels, Finger Rats, Scary Tarantulas and spoons with realistic dead flies on them, past Freds barbershop, which is just off the landing and has glossy photographs of young men with the kind of baroque haircuts one can get in there, and up onto 50th Street into a madhouse of traffic and shops with weird lingerie and gray hair-dyeing displays in the windows, signs for free teacup readings and a pool-playing match between the Playboy Bunnies and Downeys Showgirls, and then everybody pounds on toward the Time-Life Building, the Brill Building or NBC.(Tom Wolfe, A Sunday Kind of Love. The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby. Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1965)Two Lists in Tender Is the Nigh tWith Nicole’s help Rosemary bought two dresses and two hats and four pairs of shoes with her money. Nicole bought from a great list that ran two pages, and bought the things in the windows besides. Everything she liked that she couldn’t possibly use herself, she bought as a present for a friend. She bought colored beads, folding beach cushions, artificial flowers, honey, a guest bed, bags, scarfs, love birds, miniatures for a doll’s house and three yards of some new cloth the color of prawns. She bought a dozen bathing suits, a rubber alligator, a traveling chess set of gold and ivory, big linen handkerchiefs for Abe, two chamois leather jackets of kingfisher blue and burning bush from Hermesbought all these things not a bit like a high-class courtesan buying underwear and jewels, which were after all professional equipment and insurancebut with an entirely different point of view. Nicole was the product of much ingenuity and toil. For her sake trains began the ir run at Chicago and traversed the round belly of the continent to California; chicle factories fumed and link belts grew link by link in factories; men mixed toothpaste in vats and drew mouthwash out of copper hogsheads; girls canned tomatoes quickly in August or worked rudely at the Five-and-Tens on Christmas Eve; half-breed Indians toiled on Brazilian coffee plantations and dreamers were muscled out of patent rights in new tractorsthese were some of the people who gave a tithe to Nicole, and as the whole system swayed and thundered onward it lent a feverish bloom to such processes of hers as wholesale buying, like the flush of a fireman’s face holding his post before a spreading blaze. She illustrated very simple principles, containing in herself her own doom, but illustrated them so accurately that there was grace in the procedure, and presently Rosemary would try to imitate it.(F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night, 1934) Clarks List at the Museum of Civilization: The Snow GlobeConsider the snow globe. Consider the mind that invented those miniature storms, the factory worker who turned sheets of plastic into white flakes of snow, the hand that drew the plan for the miniature Severn City with its church steeple and city hall, the assembly-line worker who watched the globe glide past on a conveyer belt somewhere in China. Consider the white gloves on the hands of the woman who inserted the snow globes into boxes, to be packed into larger boxes, crates, shipping containers. Consider the card games played belowdecks in the evenings on the ship carrying the containers across the ocean, a hand stubbing out a cigarette in an overflowing ashtray, a haze of blue smoke in dim light, the cadences of a half dozen languages united by common profanities, the sailors’ dreams of land and women, these men for whom the ocean was a gray-line horizon to be traversed in ships the size of overturned skyscrapers. Co nsider the signature on the shipping manifest when the ship reached port, a signature unlike any other on earth, the coffee cup in the hand of the driver delivering boxes to the distribution center, the secret hopes of the UPS man carrying boxes of snow globes from there to the Severn City Airport. Clark shook the globe and held it up to the light. When he looked through it, the planes were warped and caught in whirling snow.(Emily St. John Mandel, Station Eleven. Alfred A. Knopf, 2014)