The Uk Central Bank - 1330 Words

Summary It is known that the UK central bank has given more attention toward inflation rate than unemployment rate. Due to the recession in year 2008, the quantitative easing has been implemented and both inflation and unemployment rates target have been achieved. Recently, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has voted to maintain the interest rate at 0.5% to attain price stability and to focus on maintaining inflation rather than unemployment. Contradictory, this has subsequently led to a downward trend of the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is not too high compared to other countries but they are still an issue that needs to be acknowledge. The government may tackle the issue by adjusting the target for inflation and unemployment that will bring UK economy to its full potential. Introduction After the economic recession in 2008, the Bank of England(BoE)’s MPC had chosen to practice quantitative easing (QE) in March 2009 which is lowering the bank rate to 0.5%. This form of monetary policy is chosen as the solution by aiming price stability, economic growth and reach the inflation target of 2% (Bank of England). According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), UK’s current inflation rate, Consumer Prices Index (CPI) stands at -0.1% as at September 2015 and the unemployment rate has decreased by 0.3% from (April-June 2015) to 5.3% (July-September 2015) while the employment rate, for those working at the age from 16 and 64 was 73.7% for July to SeptemberShow MoreRelatedModels of Determination of Interest Rates Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat impact on different areas in the economy and it is crucial to understand what determines it and how it would affect the world. This paper presents a general analysis of models of determinations s of interest rate, which are relevant to the UK economy. Thereafter, the effects of changes in IR to the economy growth will be examined. Then a conclusion will be drawn to generate the key points the paper has mentioned. Out of all, state of economy is the fundamental parameters of IR. (ToewsRead MoreExchange Rate Movements1376 Words   |  6 PagesFIN340 304 Tutorial week 3 Questions 1. How can a central bank use direct intervention to change the value of a currency? Explain why a central bank may desire to smooth exchange rate movements of its currency.. 2. Should the governments of Asian countries allow their currencies to float freely? What would be the advantages of letting their currencies float freely? What would be the disadvantages? 3. What is the impact of a weak home currency on the home economy, other thingsRead MoreLaws Providing For Parallel Islamic Banking Systems: In most jurisdictions where Islamic banks1000 Words   |  4 PagesBanking Systems: In most jurisdictions where Islamic banks operate, they have to compete with conventional banks involved in interest-based borrowing and lending. The legal framework governing the licensing of banks and their regulation was designed primarily for conventional institu ¬tions, not least as there were no Islamic banks in existence in most cases when the banking laws were drafted. Three choices therefore arise: firstly, whether Islamic banks can be accommodated within existing legal provisionRead MoreMonetary And Sustainable Development : Uk Governments Have Pursued From The Credit Crunch1540 Words   |  7 Pagesobjectives which UK governments have pursued from the credit crunch of 2008 up to the present time. The credit crunch in 2008 was caused by irresponsible mortgage lending by banks. High-risk loans were made to people who were at considerable risk of not being able to repay them. These loans were then packaged together and sold on in to the investment market. Investors bought the safer tranches because they trusted the triple-A credit ratings assigned by agencies that were paid by the banks who were farRead MoreSmall Business Credit1589 Words   |  7 Pages 1) Introduction We have done our best for the UK economy; key statics show our performance over the period of our regime. In 2007, when we took over sovereign debt crisis were knocking at our doorsteps. We needed to introduce new banking reforms to kick back that double dip financial recession and to retrieve our economy. We have changed our lending pattern to save taxpayers money to boost our economy. Key reforms are as follows 2) Provision of small business credit. a) Department of businessRead MoreQuantitative Easing Is Defined As The Expansion Of Central Bank Balance Sheet Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesexpansion of Central Bank Balance sheet (Bernanke and Reinhart 2004) in order to stimulate the economy via the purchase assets financed by the creation of central bank reserves, such as government bonds, T-bills and mortgage and exchanging for reserves, since the bank rate has been reduced below the effective level, for instance, Bank of England has cut its bank rate in a sequence of steps from 5% in October 2008 to 0.5% in March 2009 and further to 0.25% recently. The Central Bank usually proceedRead MoreEffects Of The Great Recession On The United Kingdom Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the traditional banking model. Though mortgage lenders in the UK had many more controls in place to help avoid selling these bad mortgages, the largest banks faced a large amount of turbulence. The debt bundles created by the United States mortgage companies were sold out to many large European banks. From doing this, the banks of Europe acquired the responsibility for losses occurring within the US housing market. The bank of Northern Rock was specifically hurt during this credit crunch becauseRead MoreCommercial Properties Of Commercial Property Development1349 Words   |  6 Pagesless attractive investment. In this paper, the state of commercial property in the last 8 years in London will be examined. Furthermore the drivers for commercial property development will be analysed in detail. At the beginning of the millennium, the UK introduced Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) that aim to improve the area in which it operates by carrying out various projects. The process of the BIDs and their effect on the c ommercial property market in London will also be explored. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Global Economy Has Affected Those Polices1412 Words   |  6 Pagespolices. UK Governments have used many policies to help stimulate the credit crunch of 2008-2009, bringing many advantages and disadvantages to the UK. On September 15th 2008 the collapse of the Lehman brothers filed for bankruptcy. The filing was the largest in history with $619 billion in debt. This involved a huge reduction in the availability of credit, pushing the economy into recession. America lost 5.4m jobs from September 2008 to April 2009 causing the collapse of inter-bank lendingRead MoreMonetary Policy: The Forward Guidance Rationale1556 Words   |  6 Pages The Forward Guidance Rationale Forward Guidance is an unconventional monetary policy used by the central bank to provide path for future interest rates to individuals and businesses. Recently, the Bank of England has adopted this policy. In this essay, we will explain the rationale behind the use of this policy with the help of IS-LM model along with AD-AS model. The IS-LM model explains the relationship between interest and income level and changes in equilibrium level through

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail” Dr. Martin Luther Free Essays

In his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. challenges the preconceived notions of his fellow clergymen and argues that â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã‚   (King, 1963). Dr. King had been chastised by a number of clergy in Birmingham as an outside agitator stirring up trouble in their city. Early on, he explained his idea that no citizen of the United States can be considered an agitator when protesting or acting with regard to something else happening with the country’s borders. Furthermore, King argues that what happens in Birmingham affects Atlanta and Washington, D.C. and New York City.   In many ways, he was arguing the idea of globalization and world conscious long before they became buzz words and the way of the world. King argued that as a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference he had no option other than to fight for social justice throughout the South. After justifying himself to the other clergy, King explains why the demonstrations for which he was arrested are taking place in Birmingham.   In gentle rebuke, he points out that the clergymen have condemned the conditions that resulted because of the protest but have never taken time to rebuke the conditions that required the demonstrations take place. â€Å"Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation. These are the hard, brutal facts of the case, â€Å"King wrote (King 1963). Despite those conditions, leaders within the African American community approached city leaders attempting to find a path to social justice via the law.   They were humored and strung along by the establishment, but never did the city try to make any good faith effort to try to change the conditions. And, at the time of King’s letter, being born an African American in Alabama in general and Birmingham in particular virtually guaranteed a lack of rights.   â€Å"Then, last September, came the opportunity to talk with leaders of Birmingham’s economic community. In the course of the negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchants — for example, to remove the stores humiliating racial signs. On the basis of these promises, the Reverend Fred Shuttles worth and the leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights agreed to a moratorium on all demonstrations. As the weeks and months went by, we realized that we were the victims of a broken promi se. A few signs, briefly removed, returned; the others remained.† (King, 1963). The signs were the overt racism inherent in Birmingham, but the roots in the region went much deeper. African Americans were consistently denied the right to vote, sometimes to the point that in counties where the majority of the population was black, not a single African American was registered to vote. King argues clearly that these maneuvers to hold people back from racial equality were often being done within the confines of the law and that was a problem in and of it. He   further argues that taking direct action will spur the community toward negotiation and an effort to change. â€Å"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored.† (King, 1963)   If no action is taken, King agues, then the status quo does not change. People are not prompted to change, or even to negotiate for improvement if there is no impetus for their effort. â€Å"The purpose of our direct-action program is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation. I therefore concur with you in your call for negotiation. Too long has our beloved South land been bogged down in a tragic effort to live in monologue rather than dialogue.† (King, 1963). It is important to note that throughout his call to action, King reiterates that the direct actions should be non-violent designed to make people uncomfortable and disrupt daily routines, not aggressive or threatening. He answers complaints that the protest came too soon after a city election for the newly elected government to have any impact on the old ways. The problem with waiting for someone to take action is that you are always waiting and nothing changes.   â€Å"The only answer that I can give to this query is that the new Birmingham administration must be prodded about as much as the outgoing one, before it will act. We are sadly mistaken if we feel that the election of Albert Boutwell as mayor. will bring the millennium to Birmingham. While Mr. Boutwell is a much more gentle person than Mr. Connor, they are both segregationists, dedicated to maintenance of the status quo. (King, 1963). King points to the emerging nations of the world, able to fight for their freedom from colonial oppressors and get it, and then remarks at the â€Å"horse and buggy† pace the United States is making within her own borders to promote equality (King, 1963). â€Å"Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging dark of segregation to say, â€Å"Wait.†(King, 1963)† He justifies his actions in terms of the law. This is perhaps the most powerful of King’s arguments outside the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. It sets the tone for his later work and justifies the Civil Rights Movement in one fell swoop.   â€Å"Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court’s decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws. One may won ask: â€Å"How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?† The answer lies in the fact that there fire two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the Brat to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all† (King, 1963). In this short passage, King makes an eloquent and accurate plea for civil disobedience and encourages people to take the action needed to make a difference with regard to changing the law.   His argument is that sometimes the law is simply so unjust that if a person does not take radical action to change the law, he is supporting injustice. The idea that a law could be justly applied but be inherently unjust was illogical, he argued. â€Å"An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. This is difference made legal. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal.† (King, 1963). He further argues that the type of civil disobedience he is recommending was first practiced in biblical times by Shadrach and his compatriots when they faced the lion’s den rather than renouncing their faith. He then goes on to chastise the church leadership for their inaction and lack of support for the African American community. â€Å"Let me take note of my other major disappointment. I have been so greatly disappointed with the white church and its leadership.† (King, 1963).   He argues that the church should in supporting core Christian values work toward the development of equality for all people and that in failing to do so they have ignored their Christian duty. King’s letter was intended as an answer to critics, a reply to those who did not understand the reality of the Southern African American and the way that they were being discriminated against.   Instead, it served as an outline for social justice and for achieving equality. By detailing how and why people of color and white Americans should stand together to fight for equality, he took the effort for equality out of the streets and back alleys to the headlines. His definitions regarding an unjust law made the difference philosophically and religiously for many people. Many people who had previously considered themselves good people suddenly found that they could no longer hide behind the legality of the situation. Instead, King forced them to take the issue of equality to heart and think of it from their conscious and not just from the law. They were no longer able to argue that it was okay by the law so that must make it right. King found the right words to explain that equality was everyone’s responsibility and that unless people were willing to work for justice, no one would have it. Thesis: In his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. challenges the preconceived notions of his fellow clergymen and argues that â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.†Ã‚   (King, 1963 Outline: â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† I.      Summary and historical context II.    Why Birmingham? a.    Worst racism in the South b.    Negotiation failed c.   New leadership might mean an opportunity for change. III. Why direct action? a. Civil disobedience draws attention b. Unjust laws should not be obeyed c. Christian history of action IV.   Conclusion King’s letter was intended as an answer to critics, a reply to those who did not understand the reality of the Southern African American and the way that they were being discriminated against.   Instead, it served as an outline for social justice and for achieving equality. How to cite â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther, Essay examples

Betjemans poetry reveals Essay Example For Students

Betjemans poetry reveals Essay Do you agree? You should base your answer on a detailed examination of two of the following:  Senex; Indoor Games near Newbury; and an appropriate poem of your choice.  Perhaps it is true to say that the poem Indoor Games near Newbury depicts the painting of an unfilled longing for youth. The poem does indeed reveal almost a nostalgic longing for a time of young age of blissful youth where love is a wonderful innocence that is free from the cluttering troubles that adulthood brings. This longing for youth may, in fact, be nothing more than unfilled, for it is here that the poet exudes a certain degree of wishful thinking; of a desire to relive the wonderful simplicity of what he has had. The poem is itself littered with light sexual innuendos: that dark and furry cupboard; hard against your party frock; and the sheets caressing all radiate a deep eroticism, with emphasis being provided to childlike delight in lexis suggested ever so subtly. Stanza four of Indoor Games near Newbury introduces a slight change in tone. Love so pure it had to end connotes an idea of great significance of being frightened by a burgeoning awareness of the childs own sexuality. Here, Betjeman introduces a rather audacious rhyme scheme: Love so strong that I was frightend/ When you gripped my fingers tight and. The technique in which the poet rhymes the adjective frightend with the two words tight and evokes a kind of necessary bathos in the poem. Consequently, comic undertones arise, thus stopping the reader dwelling on this idea of love as a serious reality, but instead more of a fantasised idealism. It is, therefore, indeed an unfilled longing for youth that is revealed to the reader, since the uncomplicated nature of love in youth; its blessing beauty; and its deep innocence; portrays precisely this. It is unfilled in the sense that the love present isnt a strong reality, but more of a metaphorical dream that can never be filled unless it lasts for ever more. The poem Senex equally presents an unfilled longing for youth. A degree of self-jocularity is evidently present, with a critic claiming that Betjeman is mocking the self that he is afraid he will one day become. Indeed, Senex is, in fact, a mocking satire on Actaeon a mythology whereby a youth sees the naked goddess Diana. Betjeman paints vivid imagery with his diction, and icy as an icicle being a prominent one. This is a nonsensical simile with connotations of the harshness of the winter season, which may also in fact be symbolic of the narrators life: he nears the winter of his life. Moreover, the phrase elegantly forces the reader to confront the apparent inability of the poet to come to terms with an appropriate simile, hence greatly exaggerating this terrible coldness of age. The title of the poem itself, Senex, applies even greater emphasis to the very dichotomy between youth and old age; between the ironic coldness that exists between birth and death. The title is Latin for old man echoing a crude and somewhat satirical twist of fortune for this man. Betjeman craftily juxtaposes both the persona and nature of this man with Actaeon; he plays with language more specifically in stanza four, where a complex, triple rhyme is used to present the poets idea of perhaps a greater complexity to life, of layers of symbolic connotations of meaning that this man has. Though he may be old, he is in fact a man of burning spirit, for it through this very man that a soul of youth is present. Of course, the fact remains that he rides on his tricycle, reliving a life of exultant childhood.

Tim Burton An Auteur Essay Example

Tim Burton: An Auteur? Paper My movies just sort of ended up being representative of the way I am   Burton  In Hollywood, where film making is a business ruled by profit and loss columns, and respect and admiration are bestowed upon film-makers by virtue of their films box-office success. Tim Burton is considered to be a genius blessed by the Midas touch. But while his films have to date reaped nearly a billion dollars worldwide, they are as far from being slaves to common-denominator commercialism or audience demographics as Burton himself is to fully embracing the Hollywood mainstream in which he has rather uneasily existed throughout his career. Burton began as an animator at Disney and has continued to operate within the studio system ever since, though he has remained largely removed from its financial imperatives and corporate mentality. Burtons characters are generally outsiders, misunderstood and misperceived, misfits very often encumbered by some degree of duality. They operate on the fringes of their own particular society, tolerated but pretty much left to their own devices. In many ways Burton embodies that contradiction himself: he is embraced for his successes, but in all other ways Hollywood and he maintain a respectful distance from one another. Consequently his work has remained as idiosyncratic, imaginative, delightful and refreshingly inventive as his first film, the five-minute stop-motion short Vincent. We will write a custom essay sample on Tim Burton: An Auteur? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tim Burton: An Auteur? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tim Burton: An Auteur? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Themes present in his work:  1. Characters are generally outsiders, misunderstood and misperceived, misfits very often encumbered by some degree of duality.   Batman and Batman Returns deeply disturbed, deeply psychological, full of frustration and characters with major personality disorders, including the hero himself. (Danger of making big-budget movies, interested in things he relates to.)   Pee Wee Herman alienation as a theme trying to find his bicycle.  Dark Knight (not a comic book fan) disturbed alienated split personality emotional connection Edward Scissorhands (most personal connection to a character in his films) outsider figures in society.  Nightmare Before Christmas misception, isolation and longing. Jack embraced by society but existing on its fringes and longing to find his inner happiness.  Ed Wood another outsider a film-maker and transvestite who existed on fringes of Hollywood society, whose relationship with childhood idol Bela Lugosi, said to mirror in some ways Burtons relationship with Vincent Price.  Mars Attacks argued not to have Burtons style he says whilst the police etc cant destroy the aliens it is the outsider, the unloved the Grandma + donut employee who find a way to kill the aliens. 2. Relationships with childhood experiences and his films are usually teenage or early years of his life.  At the age of twelve he moved in with his grandmother, later into an apartment which she owned and he paid her rent relationship with her in Mars Attack Environment of Burbank where he lived, from an early age he felt like an outsider, one feeling that he would later portray in Edward Scissorhands. He was moderately destructive as a child, ripping off heads of toys and terrorizing other children.  Would seek refuge in cinemas on his own watching horror films. Hammer Horrors Sleepy Hollow, casting Christopher Lee from Dracula.  Huge fan of Vincent Price and actor Vincent and Ed Wood Price contributed the narrator in Vincent.  3. Symbolic icons in his films are recognisable.  -black and white stripes are seen in almost every single one of his films especially in clothing Edward Scissorhands, Charlie The Chocolate Factory etc.

Free Essays on Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl’

. The author, Harriet Jacobs, throughout her narrative describes the cruelties of slavery vividly. In slavery, a person is completely shut out from things normally given to humans. When Linda Brent retreats into the hole constructed by her uncle, she describes her experience as â€Å"stifling; the darkness total† (438). Many slaves were completely shut out from the world. In one story, Jacobs relates of a slave who had been beaten, â€Å"The back of his shirt was one clot of blood†¦the master said he deserved a hundred more lashes† (378). Slave masters did not allow most slaves to learn how to read or write. Others limited the actions of the slaves. One man who tried to run away was, â€Å"put into the cotton gin, which was screwed down, only allowing him room to turn on his side when he could not lie on his back† (379). Rats ate him. In these conditions, slaves were continuously kept in bondage, a form of darkness bec... Free Essays on Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl’ Free Essays on Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl’ Slavery Imagery in the Retreat in Harriet Jacobs ‘Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl’ By Darcy Gaugler Harriet Jacobs (alias Linda Brent) is deemed one of the writers of a classic slave narrative depicting one of the most dehumanizing institutions in American history: slavery. Throughout her discourse, she uses metaphors and language filled with poignant words such as â€Å"darkness† and â€Å"stifling† to illuminate slavery in all of its evil masks and faces. She explains the effects of slavery on a people by using fierce prose in describing her own personal experiences so one can better see the crippling effects of slavery as a whole. At one particularly eerie point in her life, readers witness her as debilitated and shut away from air and light for a total of seven years in an effort to escape the slavery. It is in this incident where the reader can draw parallels between the seven-year retreat and the stifling institution of slavery because in descri bing both she uses similar metaphors, images, and descriptive words. The author, Harriet Jacobs, throughout her narrative describes the cruelties of slavery vividly. In slavery, a person is completely shut out from things normally given to humans. When Linda Brent retreats into the hole constructed by her uncle, she describes her experience as â€Å"stifling; the darkness total† (438). Many slaves were completely shut out from the world. In one story, Jacobs relates of a slave who had been beaten, â€Å"The back of his shirt was one clot of blood†¦the master said he deserved a hundred more lashes† (378). Slave masters did not allow most slaves to learn how to read or write. Others limited the actions of the slaves. One man who tried to run away was, â€Å"put into the cotton gin, which was screwed down, only allowing him room to turn on his side when he could not lie on his back† (379). Rats ate him. In these conditions, slaves were continuously kept in bon dage, a form of darkness bec...

How to Melt Aluminum Cans at Home

How to Melt Aluminum Cans at Home Aluminum is a common and useful metal, known for its corrosion resistance, malleability, and for being lightweight. Its safe enough to be used around food and in contact with skin. Its much easier to recycle this metal than it is to purify it from ores. You can melt old aluminum cans to get molten aluminum. Pour the metal into a suitable mold to make jewelry, cookware, ornaments, sculptures, or for another metalworking project. Its a great introduction to home recycling. Key Takeaways: Melt Aluminum Cans Aluminum is an abundant and versatile metal that is easily recycled.The melting point of aluminum is low enough that it can be melted with a hand-held torch. However, the project goes more quickly using a furnace or kiln.Recycled aluminum can be used to make sculptures, containers, and jewelry. Materials for Melting Aluminum Cans Melting cans is not complicated, but its an adult-only project because high temperatures are involved. Youll want to work in a clean, well-ventilated area. Its not necessary to clean the cans before melting them since organic matter (plastic coating, leftover soda, etc.) will burn off during the process. Aluminum cansSmall furnace of the electric kiln (or another heat source that reaches the appropriate temperature, such as a propane torch)Steel crucible (or other metal with a melting point much higher than aluminum, yet lower than your furnace- could be a sturdy stainless steel bowl or a cast iron skillet)Heat-resistant glovesMetal tongsMolds into which youll pour the aluminum (steel, iron, etc.- be creative) Melting the Aluminum The first step youll want to take is to crush the cans so that you can load as many as possible into the crucible. Youll get about 1 pound of aluminum for every 40 cans. Load your cans into the container youre using as a crucible and place the crucible inside the kiln. Close the lid.Fire up the kiln or furnace to 1220 °F. This is the melting point of aluminum (660.32  °C, 1220.58  °F), but below the melting point of steel. The aluminum will melt almost immediately once it reaches this temperature. Allow half a minute or so at this temperature to assure the aluminum is molten.Put on safety glasses and heat-resistant gloves. You should be wearing a long-sleeve shirt, long pants, and covered toe shoes when working with extremely hot (or cold) materials.Open the kiln. Use tongs to slowly and carefully remove the crucible. Do not place your hand inside the kiln! Its a good idea to line the path from the kiln to the mold with a metal pan or foil, to aid in clean-up of spills.Pour the liquid aluminum into the mold. It will take about 15 minutes for the aluminum to solidify on its own. If desired, you can place the mold in a bucket of cold water after a few minutes. If you do this, use caution, since steam will be produced. There may be some leftover material in your crucible. You can knock the dregs out of the crucible by slapping it upside down onto a hard surface, such as concrete. You can use the same process to knock the aluminum out of the molds. If you have trouble, change the temperature of the mold. The aluminum and mold (which is a different meta) will have a different coefficient of expansion, which you can use to your advantage when freeing one metal from another.Remember to turn off your kiln or furnace when youre done. Recycling doesnt make much sense if youre wasting energy, right? Did You Know? Re-melting aluminum to recycle it is far less expensive and uses less energy than producing new aluminum from the electrolysis of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Recycling uses about 5% of the energy needed to make the metal from its raw ore. About 36% of aluminum in the United States comes from recycled metal. Brazil leads the world in aluminum recycling. The country recycles 98.2% of its aluminum cans. Sources Morris, J. (2005). Comparative LCAs for curbside recycling versus either landfilling or incineration with energy recovery.  The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 10(4), 273–284.Oskamp, S. (1995). Resource conservation and recycling: Behavior and policy. Journal of Social Issues. 51 (4): 157–177. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01353.xSchlesinger, Mark (2006). Aluminum Recycling. CRC Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8493-9662-5.

DRM and digital media in the Cloud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DRM and digital media in the Cloud - Essay Example Successful media services such as Netflix, Amazon, and Apple embrace modernized DRM systems in distribution their apps, music, and movies (The Verge, 2012). In effect, the widespread uses of the DRMs have resulted to erosion in its restrictive nature. For instance with iTunes sharing of apps, movies and books has become easy as long as the registration of the devices takes place with Home sharing. Therefore, the advanced and complicated DRMs have made no progress in countering media privacy since the users do not recognize their existence. They seemingly appear to be invisible yet the media companies spend a lot of time and money in building these DRM systems. The thief therefore ignores the systems and it is invisible to the user (The Verge, 2012). Ultra Violet’s position in the market reinforces the argument. Ultraviolet is a global DRM system, which coordinates DRM systems for purposes of linking them together (Wee Siong, K, Markus, B, and Kian Lee, 2011, 249). Ultraviolet lacks the capability to do away with media piracy since it allows sharing of media to other compatible apps and devices as long as the user has centralized rights token given after purchasing the media (The Verge, 2012). Additionally, it lacks the capacity to stop determined pirates who find around the system and accessing the said media through other channels such as through Bit Torrent. In conclusion, although the business of movie production would not be profitable unless utilizing DRMs, it seems to dropping them altogether would be simpler. It lack of flexibility and inability to stop media piracy does not justify the millions of dollars and time consumed in building the

Book report for Native American Religious Traditions by Suzanne J Essay

Book report for Native American Religious Traditions by Suzanne J. Crawford - Essay Example Due to their tradition, oral tradition is a way of passing down history, laws, and religion. For an example, the Lakota people tell Ehanni stories to explain creation, or how everything and the world was created. Ohunkakan stories give guidelines on good behavior. Ehanni Wicowoyake relates the stories of Lakota history. In Native American Religious Traditions, Crawford explains how the three tribes focused on for this book use oral tradition uniquely. An example would England and Russia both have literary history, but they way it is written or presented is different. Like with the oral tradition, the Lakota, Dine, and Coast Salish have diverse ceremonial practices. The Lakota has one of the most recognized ceremonial practices of the Sun Dance. The Sun Dance has been portrayed in different movies inaccurately as a ceremony an adolescent man is forced to dance around a pole with needles embedded in his body hooked by string to the pole. Crawford explains the Sun Dance better. The needles are actually bones, the strings are leather thongs, and the pole a tree that never touches the ground specially prepared for the event. After the pole is erected dancing begins at sunrise with the dancers looking at the sun. Anyone can dance with short breaks, but no food or water. This lasts four days. The self-sacrificers prepared during this time. Then male volunteers who wanted something like a cure for a sick relative, tribal purification, and so forth would be pierced in both sides by buffalo bones tied to leather straps. The goal is to get the bone from yo ur body by dancing around the pole. It is a purification ceremony. This and other ceremonies are explained in Crawford’s book. Finally, Crawford looks honestly at a shameful part of American history; the colonization of the Native Americans. All Native Americans encountering European settlers faced the civilization process of Christianity. The Europeans felt

Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Martin Luther King Jr.s revealing, Letter from Birmingham Jail, delves into the segregation, injustice and violence of Birmingham, Alabama, probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States(Inquiry, p.#391, paragraph 6) In response to criticism from eight clergymen of Birmingham, King details the process of preparation for the nonviolent protest that took place in Birmingham. Imprisoned for protesting without a license, Dr. Kings words continue to reach far beyond the bars of his prison in his letter from Birmingham jail. Martin Luther King addresses the concerns and criticisms of his fellow clergymen, explaining why the African-American population of our nation cannot always be expected to wait for a more appropriate time to voice their concerns. Justice too long delayed is justice denied.(Inquiry, p. #393, paragraph 13) Dr. Kings wisdom is a well-known and well-cherished part of American history. Reading his words have cemented my admiration for his methods and his ideas. In Letter from Birmingham Jail he exposes the hypocrisy of the South and expresses his willingness to break an unjust law to pave the way for a just one. In case peacefully going to jail for his protests isnt a loud enough demonstration, his letter, specifically addressed to eight fellow clergymen but meant for the nation, gets the message across. Reading this letter has made me wonder how an eloquent, charismatic and just man such as Martin Luther King could be criticized, imprisoned and eventually assassinated. I question whoever cannot see the reason in Dr. Kings words. The issues of prejudice and segregation have been well worn since Martin Luther Kings time, but his words still hold passion and wisdom. His work on these issues was ground breaking, and I doubt our country would be as it is today if Dr. King had never spoken out in a time of injustice and inequality.

An Analysis of the Renaissance and Romanticism Art Periods Essays

A1. Earlier Historical Art Period In the early 1300s, Europeans began to shed the dark and oppressing mindsets of the Middle Ages. This sparked a revolution that would begin in Italy and spread throughout Europe, and is known today as the Renaissance. The word Renaissance literally (and fittingly) means ‘rebirth’ – making it a fitting title for a period where interest in learning, philosophy, and the classical arts were ‘reborn’. Where the Middle Ages took the meaning out of the arts – using paintings and sculptures for nothing more than decorations in houses of religion, for instance – the Renaissance gave it back. Artists began to experiment and came up with new and original ideas instead of acting solely on old ones. As people saw what art truly was, their tastes began to grow and branch out, meaning that artists had to come up with new content to satisfy their growing audience. Also growing rapidly was city population, resulting in an increase in wealth that provided funds with which the arts could expand. And expand they did. Paintings stopped focusing solely on religious models and took on new subjects such as portraits, landscapes, scenes of everyday life, and studies of the human form. Instead of focusing on the natural world and the hereafter, paintings focused on the material world and the here and now. New techniques were developed, combining science and mathematics with art, such as linear perspective and the depiction of light and shadow. Sculpture and architecture were largely influenced by the classical world. Sculptors used new materials, developed new techniques, became more expressive with their creations, and created three-dimensional figures that deviated from stylization. Architecture became more cal... ...ht to end the idealist tendencies romanticism had put into place but could never escape the era entirely. It also had some affect on the wild and passionate aspects of the Victorian period later on. It has never stopped influencing the art world. In literature, especially coming-of-age novels, the thought process of romanticism can be found as characters seek to know the answers of the world and, after searching high and low, coming to understand and reconcile with the fact that there are too many questions for all to be answered. Also in today’s literature is the strong presence of individualism. Works Cited Kren, E., & Marx, D. (2010, July 11). Web gallery of art. Retrieved October 15, 2010, from http://www.wga.hu Le dà ©jeuner sur l'herbe. (2010, October 19). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 20, 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

European History Essay

When questioned in regards to the Enlightenment, an individual may give the general description that it was a time period ranging from the mid seventeenth to late eighteenth century that stressed the cultivation of philosophical, intellectual and cultural movements. However, they may not be aware of specific implications it had on former central powers such as the church. Although the scientific revolution was a stepping stone to the destabilization of the church, it was the enlightenment that ultimately removed the church from the central control of cultural and intellectual life. The scientific revolution is a time period in history roughly from 1500 to 1700 that is known as one where advances in European mathematical, political and scientific thought occurred. A â€Å"founding father† of the scientific revolution was a polish scientist by the name of Nicholas Copernicus, whose conclusion that it was the sun, not the earth that lies at the center of the solar system, was a d irect contradiction to the church, which strongly believed the vice-versa or the Geo-Centric theory. (Merriman,290) It was this initiating step that led other scientists to further question and test traditional church beliefs. An example of this is Galileo Galilee and his creation of a telescope that would confirm the geocentric theory, although for which he was decreed a heretic and put under house arrest. (Merriman 296) In the â€Å"Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633† we can directly see Galilee’s theories being refuted by the church in the following quote: â€Å"The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures†¦ The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor immovable, but that it moves, and also with a diurnal action, is also absurd, philosophically false, and, theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith†¦.Therefore: We pronounce, judge, and declare, that you, the said Galileo . . . have rendered yourself vehemently suspected by this Holy Office of heresy.† (2) Here we can see the church counter-arguing Galilee’s theory by stating that it contradicts the Holy Scriptures, the biblical text that virtually controlled how individuals interpreted the world. Through Galileo’s thought’s individual’s became encouraged to see the world through measurable means such as experiments and evidence, as oppose to biblical texts that told otherwise. It was only after scientific discoveries such as the one above that philosophers started questioning the natural world. It was discoveries such as the one above that influenced great thinkers such as Isaac Newton, whose discoveries altered not only scientific thought but views about religion for decades to come. (Merriman,300) A Prussian philosopher by the name of Immanuel Kant, who lived from the mid seventeen hundreds to the early eighteen hundreds, was influenced by these ideas of empiricism and reason. In his 1784 publication â€Å"What is Enlightenment† Immanuel Kant write s: â€Å"Sapere aude! (Dare to know) Have courage to use your own reason. If I have a book which understands for me, a pastor who has a conscience for me†¦I need not trouble myself. I need not think, if I can only pay – others will easily undertake the irksome work for me.† (1-2) This can be interpreted that Kant is advising individuals to use their own sense of logic and to understand the natural world. Here, we can see that traditional church ideas are being pushed away for ones of a logical nature, hence a church that is surely losing its grip on the people of Europe. This idea of tradition church ideas being replaced can be further seen in Kant’s writing when he states: â€Å"The escape of men from their self-incurred tutelage – chiefly in matters of religion because our rulers have no interest in playing guardian with respect to the arts and sciences and also because religious incompetence is not only the most harmful but also the most degrading of all.† (12) The interpretation that can be derived from this is that Kant believes that church officials have no concern for the development of man and wish for them to remain uneducated about the world in which they reside. Moreover, the argument can be made is that because the church’s negligence in accepting evolving scientific theories, people came to understand that the need to stray from church beliefs in order to grasp their own sense of understanding was unmistakable, therefore ultimately decreasing the churches once high standing in the lives of early Europeans. The scientific revolution, a corner stone for mankind, whose implications are being felt to this very day, was in addition responsible for the development of a time period known as the enlightenment. Characterized as a movement of philosophical, cultural, and intellectual gains, in addition the enlightenment was responsible for the decentralization of church power in Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Scientist such as Nicholas Copernicus, Galileo Galilee, and Isaac Newton influenced individuals through their theories which stressed using empirical evidence and reasoning to define the world they dwell in. It was through these ideas that Europeans came to understand the Church’s denial to accept reason and empiricism, decentralizing the churches one’s great grasp over society. Works-Cited Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† Internet Modern History Sourcebook. 15 November 2012. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/kant-whatis.html. Merriman, John. A history of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the age of Napoleon. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. London: W.W.Norton and Company Inc., 2010. N. pag. Print. â€Å"The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633.† . Web. 15 Nov. 2012. .

Freedom of the Press

Freedom of the Press – liberty to print or to otherwise disseminate information, as in print, by broadcasting, or through electronic media, without prior restraints such as licensing requirements or content review and without subsequent punishment for what is said. Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the freedom of communication and expression through mediums including various electronic media and published materials. While such freedom mostly implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state, its preservation may be sought through constitutional or other legal protections.With respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest. Freedom of the press, which has been limited not only by governments but at times by churches, is bsolute in no country.In modern democracies it is rarely attacked by overt forms of censorship but is often compromised by governments' ability to withhold information, by self-censorship in reaction to various pressures, by selective government â€Å"leaking† of information or disinformation, and by other factors. In the United States, freedom of the press and the broader freedom of speech are protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution and are considered fundamental rights of the people. In practice, though, some kinds of speech and publication (e. g. bscenity or violations of copyright) are considered outside the amendment's purview, and others, like commercial speech (advertising or product claims), receive a reduced level of protection. In addition, broadcasters are subjec t to government licensing requirements. The protections to be afforded users of on-line computer services, the Internet, and other new means of publication are the focus of a developing debate; in 1996 a federal district court panel struck down the new Communications Decency Act, holding that Internet communications were entitled to he same degree of protection as printed communications.History Historically, restriction of the press has occurred in two ways. The first may be either censorship or mandatory licensing by the government in advance of publication; the second is punishment for printed material, especially that considered by the government to be seditious libel. Censorship of the press began not long after the invention of the printing press. Pope Alexander VI issued (1501) a notice requiring printers to submit copy to church authorities before publication, in order to prevent heresy.Penalties for bypassing the censors included fines and excommunication. Key Principles -Pu blishing was liberalized, with the law requiring only that publishers present their names to the authorities and deposit two copies of every work. -The authorities were ene the power to suppress newspapers. -This nad previously enabled prosecutions of critics of the government, monarchy and church, or of those who argued for controversial ideas on property rights. The scope of libel was severely reduced, with the criteria for defamation being much more tightly defined -A limited umber of â€Å"press offences† was retained, including outraging public morals, and insulting high-ranking public officials including the President of the Republic, heads of foreign states and ambassadors. Scope -It applies to statements made publicly, whether through oral or printed means. -In recent years, French courts have repeatedly ruled that the law also applies to defamatory content communicated via the World Wide Web.Defenses -Truth of the defamatory statement is available as a defense in mos t libel cases other than those concerning the privacy of the plaintiff. Where privacy is infringed, truth is not an absolute defense, though some latitude is permitted if the plaintiff is a public figure. – A plea of good faith is permitted by the courts in circumstances where the issues at stake concern matters of public interest. A defendant may be acquitted on that basis if the court is satisfied that the defendant has carried out at least a basic verification of the source of the information on which the defamatory statement is based.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes reedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers† This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of scientific research (known as scientific freedom), publishing, press and printing the d epth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its constitution.The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression. Freedom of the Press CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEETeodoro, et al on the book Freedom Of Expression And The Media In The Philippines Chapter I: History of Freedom of the Press demonstrated how the commitment to free speech and expression, the right to information and press freedom, with which the leaders of both the 19th century Philippine Reform Movement and the 1896 Revolution were familiar, was continued in the Malolos Constitution of the First Philippine Republic, this was nearly 115 years ago. These provisions did not only survived, but were expanded, in the country's subsequent Constitutions. The freedom of speech and expression, the right to information and press freedom were guaranteed in the Philippine Constitution as follows: The Malolos constitution guaranteed that no Filipino would be deprived of â€Å"the right to freely express his ideas or opinions, orally or in writing, through the use of press and similar means†.The guarantee of the 1987 Constitution in Section 4, Article 3 (Bill of Rig hts) which says that â€Å"No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.† Section 7 also states that â€Å"the right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development shall be afforded to the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law† Another relevant provision is on Section 28, Article 2 which says that â€Å"subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.† In the same article, section 24, the constitution also says that â€Å"the State recognizes the vital role o f communication in nation building.†PRESS FREEDOM (PLUS RIGHT TO INFORMATION) EQUALS TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSIONClearly, you cannot talk about freedom of the press without mentioning the freedom of speech and expression and the right to  information. In an article on Human Rights Issues in Criminal Justice, it stated that â€Å"the concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression.† Most have concluded that freedom of the press derives from freedom of speech.According to Chief Justice Warren E. Burger of the United States Supreme Court, conferring special status on the press requires that the courts or the government determine who or what the press is and what activities fall under its special protection. Burger further concluded that the free speech guarantees of the First Amendment (of the US Constitution) adequately ensure freedom of the press, and that t here is no need to distinguish between the two rights, simply â€Å"Because the First Amendment was meant to guarantee freedom to express and communicate ideas, I can see no difference between the right of those who seek to disseminate ideas by way of a newspaper and those who give lectures or speeches and seek to enlarge the audience by publication and wide dissemination.†IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISING FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION, RIGHT TO INFORMATION AND PRESS FREEDOM TO THE FULLEST EXTENTWith relation to guarantees or assurances in the constitution, it is therefore essential that these freedom, the people of the Republic of Philippines enjoy must be exercised to the fullest extent as provided by the Philippine Constitution for the following benefits: 1. Individual’s unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in â€Å"a free and open encounter†. John Milton’s (an English civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell) central ar gument was that â€Å"the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing right from wrong, good from bad†, and that to be able to fully exercise this ration right is that â€Å"he must have unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in ‘a free and open encounter’†. It is in Milton’s pamphlet Areopagitica and other writings that the concept of the â€Å"open marketplace of ideas† was developed. This is the idea that when people argue against each other, the good arguments will prevail resulting to good judgment and decisions.2. Well-being of the society and its creation to becoming a good society. According to John Stuart Mill (an English philosopher, political economist  and civil servant) with his 19th century utilitarian viewpoint that â€Å"a good society is one in which the greatest number of persons enjoy the greatest possible amount of happiness†. And that attaining this amount of happiness is â€Å"to apply the general principles of liberty to freedom of expression†. Mill further stated that â€Å"if we silence an opinion, we may silence the truth†.As expressed in his book On Liberty: â€Å"If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and one, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind†. In the words of the Committee to Protect Journalist: â€Å"Without a free press, few human rights are attainable. A strong press freedom environment encourages the growth of a robust civil society, which leads to stable, sustainable democracies and healthy social, political, and economic development.†3. Attainment of information from a diversity of sources, Decision making, and communication to the government. Rather than having the government establish and dictate the truth, freedom of speech enables the truth to emerge from diverse opi nions. Concurring in Whitney v. California (1927), Justice Louis Brandeis wrote that â€Å"freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth.†4. Facilitation of Majority Rule.On a communal level, it is through talking and gathering information that we encourage consensus, that we form a collective will. Whether the answers we reach are wise or foolish, free speech helps us ensure that the answers usually conform to what most people think. As stated by the World Association of Newspapers: â€Å"We have seen repeatedly throughout the world, that censorship and control of information serves the interest of a privileged few; the rule of law is negatively affected, human rights ignored and impunity and corruption unchecked. In contrast, a free, diverse and responsible media promotes transparency and accountability, informs public debate and helps to ensure governments address the concerns and aspirations of all citizens.†5. Improvement of the Means of Participation.On an individual level, speech and gathering information is the vehicle through which individuals debate the issues of the day, cast their votes, and actively join in the processes of decision-making that shape the polity. Free speech serves the individual’s right to join the political fray, to stand up and be counted, to be an active player in the democracy and not just a passive spectator.6. Embrace of the aspect of individualismIn the words of Justice Thurgood Marshall in the 1974 case Procunier v. Martinez, â€Å"The First Amendment serves not only the needs of the polity but also those of the human spirit – a spirit that demands self-expression.† Freedom of speech is the right to defiantly, robustly and irreverently speak one’s mind just because it is one’s mind. Freedom of speech is thus bonded in special and unique ways to the human capacity to think, imagine and create. Con science and consciousness are the sacred precincts of mind and soul.Freedom of speech is intimately linked to freedom of thought, to that central capacity to reason and wonder, hope and believe, that largely defines our humanity. (NOTE: The US First Amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.†)WITH GREAT POWER COMES GREAT RESPONSIBILITYOn a recent article on lincoln.edu about â€Å"Freedom of the Speech and Freedom of Press† it stated that â€Å"the freedom of the press, like freedom of speech, is not absolute. Notwithstanding the limitations placed on it, the press exercises enormous power and influence, and is burdened with commensurate responsibility†. Because journalists generally have access to more infor mation than does the average individual, they serve as the eyes, ears, and voice of the public. Some legal scholars even argue that the press is an important force in the democratic system of checks and balances. The job of a free press, the article added; is to â€Å"keep an eye on the government†, to make sure it stays â€Å"honest and responsive† to the people of the country.A  free press also has an important role in government. Sometimes called the â€Å"Fourth Branch of Government† (as well as the President, Congress and the Supreme Court) the press does not simply report events. Teodoro, et al. further stated that the press and media have â€Å"had an increasingly influential impact on public policy, governmental decisions and popular attitudes†. And by all means, I’ll end with: FREEDOM CAN ONLY SURVIVE IN A SOCIETY THAT DEMANDS IT! THOSE WHO STAY SILENT WILL FOREVER BE HAUNTED BY ITS GHOST THAT FADES IN THE LIGHT OF FEAR AND BLIND CONFORM ITY. Freedom of the Press Our most important amendment , The First Amendment allows we the people to voice our opinions, obtain and publish information and opinions without the fear of government retribution. Infringing on freedom of the press is included in America’s greatest amendment. Although freedom of the press allows an endless amount of information abroad, It also allows for the use of propaganda. Freedom of the Press doesn't protect slander.When Freedom of the Press was added, it was to ensure that the government wouldn't censor the people’s opinions in newspapers and to expose schemes and information that some people might want hidden. Framers also wanted to sure Americans could continue to make informed decisions on how their nation is run. Without freedom of the press, the government could have also limited who could be a journalist , as well as be the only organization allowed to make newspapers. The only information that cannot be obtained through the media is information that is o bscene or classified because it could compromise the very future of America. Information that cannot be leaked are things like nuclear secrets.Most nations protects its best national interest by making sure classified information is not spread to those that could take advantage. Most of us use our freedom of the press right and we don't even know. Everytime you go on the internet to look something up. If the internet was made before the first amendment it would probably be censored and regulated by the government more harshly than it already is. The government doesn't care about opinions posted but it mostly removes copyrighted materials and illegal activities. Propaganda ensures the people only get the information the government wants them to have.The government often uses propaganda in harsh times, like times of war to get the people to help support the war effort. Freedom of the press can be abused ensure that everybody thinks in the way the government wants, all forms of informa tion were controlled. Otherwise, the government leaders could be voted against and administration. Before the internet, it was easier for the government to use propaganda but with the internet they would have to go through a lot more censoring. Although freedom of the press  doesn't protect slander, that doesn't mean false information cannot get printed in the newspaper.Peoples reputation could be damaged and once false information is printed in a newspaper, it can't be taken out of the people’s minds. Journalists can just tell half of a story and no one would be able to go against him or speak out In the court case People v. Croswell that happened in 1804, Harry Croswell was convicted for printing a story critiquing President Thomas Jefferson in his newspaper. His defense was that what he printed was the truth. You can't be retributed for acknowledging the truth. If Croswell made false accusations against the president, he would have been sentenced for slander, it is not o k to lie on a persons reputation.Freedom of the press expanded more than framers could have ever imagined, its literal meaning ended up adapting to new forms of media as needed. The Framers never expected that it could end up protecting rights on the internet. Because of the Lovell v. City of Griffin case in 1938 the freedom of the press right has been extended to media including newspapers, books, plays, movies, and video games. On May 16th of 2013 the Senate Judiciary proposed a new bill in the Senate, S.987, euphemistically titled, â€Å"Free Flow of Information Act of 2013.† The bill was an attempt to change who can be considered a journalist by not allowing citizen journalists to voice their opinions in the press. journalists would have had to be hired by the government which would have lowered current protection in the first Amendment.I appreciate the Freedom of the press and i am glad that it has Freedom of the Press, along with the other Freedoms that it protects. Fre edom of the press isnt perfect, as seen in World War II when both sides used propaganda to get their point across, America used posters to influence people to buy war bonds, and get men to want to join the army, while Germany engaged in propaganda Hitler took over the press, he spread lies blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems. Even Though freedom of the press isnt perfect, i still appreciate one of our greatest freedoms, without it we would be living a censored life.

Analyse The Travel Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essays

Analyse The Travel Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essays Analyse The Travel Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essay Analyse The Travel Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essay Visa facilitation, Cars and Campers new waves, Cruise packages across Pacific and Atlantic oceans, Meetings-Incentives-Conventions and Exhibitions ( MICE ) , Rail bundles and even Call Centres. Because of their extended attack to function the travel industry, leaders or the so called travel-pundits have now been able to function in multiple metropoliss in Pakistan and even abroad. Some of them have besides started 24 hours office with twenty-four hours and dark displacements to provide to their clients 24/7. Travel market has expanded globally and even these travel initiates in Pakistan and specially Karachi are able to provide to corporate histories globally with the easiness of on-line ticketing and payment colony done online. Another facet which the local market is providing is managing histories of international travel bureaus through local call centres in Karachi due to handiness of inexpensive labour and nest eggs they can do. Travel industry in Pakistan still has a long manner to turn which has been slow due to political and economic instability in the state, nevertheless, the travel gurus have been doing twenty-four hours dark attempts to research more chances and line up a turning gait for the industry. Aims and range of the Research The Corporate, Leisure and Religious travel sections are the three chief countries of operations in the Travel section. Since our Pakistani consumers are still non comfy with the construct of e-ticketing and are still in the stage of accommodating to paper less tickets, the operations of Travel Management Companies are still preferred by the multitudes. Our consumers still rely on Travel Management Companies to map out their paths and have trueness degrees associated with certain bureaus. Several bundles are offered by Travel Management Companies in Karachi for the corporate, leisure and spiritual travel sections. There are companies that specialize in a certain section every bit good. The turning competition and inflow of Travel Management Companies in Karachi necessitates their analysis in footings of their selling mix and current patterns in order to distinguish the services offered by them, retain old clients and pull new 1s. Travelers who prefer to go forth the occupation of fining and travel function to the specializers in the field lay accent on the company that would give them the best possible rates with the most services. In order to decode consumers penchants and standards behind choosing a travel direction company, we intend to integrate this in our thesis as one of the countries of research and will seek to garner grounds accruing to this choice. The success factors behind taking participants in the industry will be sought and a comparative analysis of their patterns and bundles offered will besides be conducted. The range of the research is specifically based in Karachi, Pakistan. Due to clip restraints and going issues, all the interviews and studies of consumers and the travel direction companies will be conducted in Karachi merely. Problem Definition and Research Questions Worldwide travel direction companies have been making good for over two decennaries. The growing of travel bureau engagements has outperformed the growing in air hose traffic in the first half of 2010. Although in 2009 ; there was a rise in internet engagements as cost nest eggs topped the precedence list for travellers. ( Jones, 2010 ) In Pakistan, the predominating tendency depicts a rise in the coming of travel direction companies. The grounds usually accrued to this rise is the penchant of travellers to trust on travel direction companies to put their paths in the most cost effectual and convenient manner. In today s environment, travel direction companies need every advantage to vie with force per unit area from mega-agencies, online travel companies and regional participants, particularly as competition intensifies and economic conditions continue to waver. With the web interrupting distance barriers between states and doing information available to all via merely a chink, travel services for concern, leisure and spiritual travel have pressed travel direction companies for the best possible options. Overall concern travel minutess processed by members of the UK s Guild of Travel Management Companies grew by 12 percent year-over-year in the six months through June 2010. ( GTMC, 2010 ) Leisure travel has besides witnesses a rise following the station recession phase and leisure travel is expected to be more profitable than corporate travel. ( World Travel Market, 2010 ) Till day of the month really small research has been done on the travel industry in Pakistan. In our thesis we would research the assorted factors that have lead to the success of few out of the so many established in the state in the visible radiation of the different sections of travel services that are provided. We would besides be analyzing the services offered by these companies in order to hold a comprehensive image of the industry s success factor. Hence our research job is: To research the success factors of taking travel direction companies in Karachi. Some of the research inquiries that we would seek to research are: What are the variables driving success for the travel industry? What are the 7Ps of the travel direction companies? What attributes do consumers see while choosing for a travel direction company? Who are the major participants in the leisure, spiritual and corporate travel classs? What can go direction bureaus do to foster better the travel direction patterns? Research Methodology The research methodological analysis that will be used is divided into two stages, primary and secondary. The research would include both, Qualitative and Quantitative Research, based largely on primary informations aggregation. In the first stage we will find the top travel direction companies based on their figure of clients and other International cardinal success factors. Once the top 5 participants are identified, the 2nd stage will get down in which we will be happening out client perceptual experience of travel agents and their bundles through questionnaires. Secondary Research will be conducted to happen out the assorted bundles and services being offered by the travel direction bureaus. Comparative analysis will be done for assorted travel direction companies on the footing of their offerings. Sampling will be done on the footing of quota sampling. 20 travel bureaus will be approached and the top 5 travel direction bureaus will be selected based on the figure of clients they cater for. Restrictions of the Research The restriction of the survey can be foremost accrued to its range being confined to Karachi and hence may non be brooding of the services being offered by travel direction companies across the state. The scenarios witnessed by the 5 cardinal travel agents from Karachi might non be brooding of the market. As travel sector is non a listed in any of the stock exchange, it will be hard to pull out reliable inside informations from travel direction companies and information given by the bureaus will hold to be relied upon. In order to maintain the research free from any kind of biasness, usage of dependable research surveies and informations provided by the governments with relevant facts and experts sentiments will be provided to support our logical thinking. Chapter TWO An Introduction to Travel Management Companies Heathrow International Travel defines a travel direction, as agencies to run intoing the demands and outlooks of travellers, be it persons or portion of a group. Further amplification by the travel industry dictionary provinces that travel agent is any individual who sells travel merchandises on a committee footing or who meets certain minimal makings, which can change widely harmonizing to those who uses the term or sets the criterions. ( Travel Industry Glossary, 2007 ) Laurie Lico Ablanese, instructor and writer at Vagner College, U.S, defines the occupation of a travel agent as a individual who can execute one or more of the undermentioned maps that can be characterized as that of a travel adviser, tour organiser, little concern executive, or travel usher. ( Albanese, 2010 ) Travel agents may take to go certified by the Institute of Certified Travel Agents ( ICTA ) for which they require a lower limit of 18 months of experience as an agent, along with a complete 12 class plan. There are assorted other enfranchisements that travel agents get in order to derive more expertness, the most celebrated enfranchisement being that from IATA. These enfranchisements are a cardinal standards for travel direction companies runing worldwide as they assist travellers in choosing an reliable company for their travel demands. For corporate, spiritual and leisure travel direction bureaus, enfranchisement from International Air Travel Association ( IATA ) is compulsory as it certifies your individuality throughout the universe. Each agent is given a distinguished codification which enables the agent to be tracked anyplace in the universe. The assorted other enfranchisements include the followers: United Federation of Travel Agents Association ( UFTAA ) : UFTAA represents national travel agents associations in a important figure of states. It remains the most outstanding organic structure stand foring the involvements of travel agents world-wide and enjoys advisory position with the United Nattions. Its rank besides includes a big group of Travel Partners, including major air hoses, hotels, touristry boards, transporting companies, auto rental companies and many other operators allied to the tourer industry. UFTAA is indispensable for corporate travel section. World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) : WTO, non to be confused with the World Trade Organization, serves as a planetary forum for touristry policy issues. Based in Madrid, WTO is entrusted by the United Nations to assist states maximise the positive impacts of touristry, such as occupation creative activity, substructure development and foreign exchange net incomes, while at the same clip minimising negative environmental or societal impacts. Representatives covering Africa, the Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia are responsible for supervising specific undertakings and working. Their cardinal accent is on leisure travel. World Travel and Tourism Council ( WTTC ) : Founded in 1990 with support from American Express, WTTC is a high-ranking private sector-only lobbying group whose rank comprises Chief Executives of transnational adjustment, catering, sails, amusement, diversion, transit, and other travel-related companies. WTTC s mission is to raise the consciousness of the full economic impact of the Travel and Tourism industry. International Hotel and Restaurant Association ( IH A ; RA ) : Officially recognized by the United Nations, IH A ; RA represents the involvements of the universe s hotels and eating houses. Members include hotel and eating houses operators, corporate hotel executive s national cordial reception association, hotel schools, and providers to the cordial reception industry. The association is responsible for buttonholing international policy, doing organic structures to defy ordinances that could damage their concern, estimated to consist 300,000 hotels and 8 million eating houses. Pacific Asia Travels Association ( PATA ) : Founded in 1951, PATA is the dominant industry association in one of the universe s most popular Travel and Tourism part. Based in Bangkok, its rank includes about 100 authorities, provinces, and metropolis touristry organic structures, 76 air hoses and sail lines, some 2000 companies and organisation, and 17,000 persons in 78 Chapters worldwide. Its coders and designed to assist members heighten their competitory border through research and selling services, merchandise development and educational seminars and workshops. International Airline Passenger Association ( IAPA ) : With over 400,000 members around the universe, IAPA s chief end is to stand for the positions of travellers who fly frequently, by talking out on safety and wellness issues related to winging. One country in which IAPA has made attempts is the betterment of aircraft cabin air quality. It besides offers members price reductions on hotels worldwide, nest eggs on auto lease, comprehensive travel insurance, and other benefits. ( Insight, 2009 ) All travel bureaus in Pakistan are capable to the local regulations and ordinances filed under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture at Federal Level and Department and Tourist Services at provincial degree. A travel bureau can non run without a valid licence issued by the Department of Tourist Services ( DTS ) . A licence issued is capable to many demands such as competent staff, financially sound direction and location suited for public dealing. A Bank warrant is furnished to Department of Tourist Services after concluding review and so a licence is issued to run the travel bureau. The licence is valid for one twelvemonth from the day of the month of issue and has to be renewed after the termination day of the month. These are separate from the enfranchisements they need to register for International travelling. Specialization of Travel Management Companies Travel bureaus have been regarded as critical information, planning and booking suppliers for a big figure of travellers ( Duke A ; Persia 1993 ; Mihalik, Uysal A ; Pan 1995 ) . Travel merchandises provided by travel direction companies include air fining, visa facilitation, world-wide hotel reserves, worldwide auto rental reserves, travel insurance, airdrome meet and assist service, rail, bus tickets and MICE ( Meeting, inducements, conventions, and exhibitions ) . ( Oasis Travels, 2010 ) These merchandises vary from one travel Management Company to another depending on their expertness and the market they operate in ; these are farther classified harmonizing to the sectors in which they specialize. Travel direction bureaus have opted for specialisation in assorted Fieldss including corporate, personal, event, leisure or school travel. Corporate Travel Business travel is a extremely valuable portion of the travel and touristry industry. Not merely does it go on to turn, but besides mean disbursement by concern travel clients is higher than in the retail sector. Travel bureaus are inclined towards the corporate sector because of assorted grounds, major 1s being the following High quality, high output ( earns more gross ) portion of travel and touristry Year-round sector means more full-time occupations More shock-proofed against downswings or catastrophes Investing can renew urban countries. ( Business Travel Operation, 2008 ) Companies normally arrange the corporate travel on assorted occasions major 1s being conferences and meeting, exhibition, and trade carnivals, inducement travel, corporate events and out-of-door events. The gross from each of these occasions is different but harmonizing to a touristry section of UK the major subscriber of gross in the corporate sector is when company forces travel for meetings and conferences and as per an estimation for the twelvemonth 2003 meeting and conference, related travel has amounted for around ?7 billion. ( Weaver, Han, 2008 ) Conferences and meetings are deserving over ?7 billion in 2003. This portion of the sector includes gross revenues conferences, direction meetings, one-year general meetings, preparation classs, concern presentations and merchandise launches. The market for exhibitions and trade carnivals is deserving over ?2 billion per twelvemonth, trade exhibitions are for purchasers and Sellerss in specific trade sectors. Incentive travel is used by administrations to actuate their staff. They are normally offered in industries with high net income borders such as autos and fiscal services. Incentive travel is used by administrations to actuate their staff. Corporate events include staff and client amusement. Sporting occasions are the most popular for corporate events. Close links exist between corporate events section and the contract providing industry. Its market worth between ?700 million and ?1 billion per twelvemonth. ( Bized, 2008 ) Religious Travel Religious travel now a twenty-four hours is a really comprehensive and expansive footings, antecedently it was merely used to account for the travel that is done for the intent of spiritual pilgrims journeies but today the construct of spiritual travel has chiefly centered on the impression of pilgrims journey. Although this type of journey remains at the bosom of spiritual travel in many ways, it is no longer the exclusive signifier or mention point The turning spiritual touristry sector is presently valued at US $ 18 billion per twelvemonth with Hajj pilgrims journey, Palestine, Jordan, Iran and other Middle Eastern finishs identified as top draws for spiritual travel. With more than 300 million planetary travellers yearly, the faith-based travel and cordial reception market provides finish direction organisations, jobbers, providers, and travel agents unprecedented chances for new concern avenues and patronages. Today, spiritual travel and cordial reception is defined by, Travel to a spiritual finish, ( Traveling to a spiritual finish is the most common and traditional significance of the phrase spiritual travel. It may be right to impute the success of this signifier of travel to all the major faiths of the universe. The word that has been associated with spiritual travel is pilgrimage. ) Travel to a spiritual assemblage ( . Peoples of assorted religion and subjects have been going and garnering for spiritual intent and jubilations. ) , Travel with a missional and/or human-centered purpose and Travel with a fellowship purpose. ( Most short-run mission trips typically last from seven to 14 yearss. Volunteer holidaies are a related signifier of missional travel ) ( World Religious Travel Association, 2010 ) Harmonizing toaccording to homework. 1. As declared or indicated by ; on the authorization of: harmonizing to historiographers. 2. In maintaining with: harmonizing to instructions. 3. .. Click the nexus for more information.A Kevin J Wright, president of the World Religious Travel Association ( WRTA WRTA Worcester Regional Transit Authority ( Massachusetts ) WRTA World Religious Travel Association WRTA Western Regional Transmission Association WRTA Western Reserve Transit Authority ( Northeast Ohio ) A ) , specialist travel suppliers need to develop the best possible travel experiences to leverage income from the three billion people around the universe who trace their spiritual roots and religions to the Middle East. Religious touristry is recognized as one of the most resilient markets in the travel industry, said Wright, who will be carry oning a seminar entitled `The New Era of Religious Tourism` at Arabian Travel Market the Middle East`s premier travel and touristry event to be held in May in Dubai. Saudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaA ( sa`dA Eâ„ ¢rA?`bAEâ„ ¢ , sou`- , so- ) , officially Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, land ( 2005 est. dad. .. Click the nexus for more information.A is the market`s primary driver, with the Islamic Hajj hajjA ( haj ) , the pilgrims journey to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, one of the five basic demands ( arkan or pillars ) of Islam. Its one-year observation corresponds to the major holy twenty-four hours id al-adha, A and Umrah A The Umrah or ( Arabic: O?U†¦O ±O © ) is a pilgrims journey to Mecca performed by Moslems that can be undertaken at any clip of the twelvemonth. A pilgrimages seeing the Kingdom receive over six million worshippers yearly. The spiritual touristry industry in Saudi Arabia entirely generates an estimated $ 7 billion yearly and with the market anticipating 20 per centum growing in the coming old ages, circuit operators, hotels and air hoses are already orienting merchandises to tap into the spiritual market. Pilgrimages are non the exclusive driver of the spiritual market any longer and people of religion are progressively seeking greater quality travel experience s across the full spectrum of sub-sectors which drive the industry, Wright said. Mark Walsh For inside informations of the dart participant, Mark Walsh, please see Mark Walsh ( Dart participant ) Mark Walsh is an enterpriser, venture capitalist, and political militant. .. Click the nexus for more information. , Group Exhibition Director, Reed Travel Exhibitions organiser of Arabian Travel Market, which takes topographic point from May 5 8, 2009, at the Dubai International Convention A ; Exhibition Centre said the demand to analyze robust touristry gross watercourses would be critical in guaranting the industry weathers the current economic downswing. Our industry is altering and tour operators and travel companies need to analyze alternate concern avenues to increase net incomes during these disputing times. The spiritual touristry market is one such possibility and remains highly relevant to Middle East based operations. Through these informed treatment Sessionss, exhibitioners and visitants likewise can break understand the concern potency available to them. Harmonizing to Wright, Jordan and Palestine are immense growing markets. Ninety-five per centum of touristry in Palestine is religion-based, while Jordan is aiming touristry grosss of up to $ 2.4 billion, per twelvemonth, by 2010 over 60 per centum higher than income generated in 2007, he said. Iraq is besides emerging as a serious participant in the sector. Areas of spiritual significance, such as Najaf place of the sacred shrine of the son-in-law of Prophet Mohammad already welcomes eight million pilgrims a twelvemonth, but a new airdrome will increase inbound inA ·boundA 1A A adj. Bound inward ; entrance: inbound commuter traffic. Adj. 1. inbound A capacity to over 20 million. Mentioning Abu Dhabi Abu DhabiA ( a`b tha`bA , za- , da- ) , Arab. Abu Zabi, sheikdom ( 1995 dad. 928,360 ) , c. A as an illustration of how feeder finishs can profit from mass pilgrims journeies to Saudi, Iraq and other sanctum sites, Wright added: Abu Dhabi International AirportAbu Dhabi International Airport ( Arabic: U†¦O ·O §O ± O?O?U? O?O?US O §U„O?U?U„US ) ( IATA: AUH, A ICAO: OMAA .. Click the nexus for more information.A handled about 15,000 Hajjes last twelvemonth, which increased its rider traffic rates to Saudi Arabia by 34.5 per centum the possible for everyone in the part to profit is astoundingaA ·stoundA A tr.v. aA ·stoundA ·ed, aA ·stoundA ·ing, aA ·stounds To amaze and perplex. See Synonyms at surprise. [ From Middle English astoned, past participial of astonen, .. Click the nexus for more information.. ( Mojnews Agency, 2009 ) Leisure Travel Leisure travel may be defined as travel that is undertaken for pleasance and personal intents. TheA World Tourism OrganizationA studies top 10 states as the most visited from 2006 to 2009 by the figure of international travellers. When compared to 2006, A UkraineA entered the top 10 lists, surpassingA Russia, A AustriaA andA Mexico, A and in 2008, surpassedA Germany.A In 2008, theA U.S.A displacedA SpainA from the 2nd topographic point. Most of the top visited states continue to be on theA European continent, followed by a turning figure ofA AsianA states. In 2009, A MalaysiaA made it into the top 10 most visited states list.A MalaysiaA secured the 9th place, merely belowA TurkeyA andA Germany. In 2008, Malaysia was in the 11th place. BothA TurkeyA andA GermanyA climbed one rank in reachings, busying 7th and 8th places severally, whileA FranceA continued to take the ranks in footings of tourer reachings. ( UNWTO, 2009 ) . USA earns the most gross from leisure travel amounting to around $ 94.2 billion in the twelvemonth 2009, followed by Spain with $ 53.2 billion, France and Italy with one-year gross of around $ 48.2 billion and $ 40.1 billion severally. The other finishs that made it to the top 10 lists include Chine, Germany UK, Australia, Turkey and Austria. It may be noticed in that the major income to the travel direction companies in the leisure sector is through travellers going to the European Continent, as out of the 10 most visited states seven are from the European Continent ( WTO, 2009 ) Cardinal Performance Indicators for the Travel Industry Cardinal Performance Indicators an Overview Harmonizing to the KPI Library, Key Performance Indicators are steps of concern public presentation ; besides known as concern or public presentation prosodies, steps, ratios or merely public presentation indexs. These public presentation indexs can change from company to company and from industry to industry. The cardinal public presentation indexs for the Travel Management Companies can be ascertained by researching the issues like monetary value wars, safety and security issues, rider demands and handiness of information. These may besides include supply concatenation information, stock list information, bundle trailing, flight/travel activities, and rider inside informations with penchants. Integration of cardinal information and accent on client trueness besides plays an of import function in the success of transit and travel industry. ( Gala, 2009 ) Given the high figure of variables in the travel booking procedure, each travel agent has their ain preferable manner of making things. A few KPIs, which you can be utile as a starting point and to trip farther idea as per MAIA Intelligence India, are: Specifications for service bringing demands: Response times to questions Ticket bringing agreements Hours of service and out of hours agreements Payment methodological analysis Assortment of bundles provided Fiscal Position: Quantification of Financial facet can be measured utilizing the parametric quantities like operating net income , % addition in planned gross revenues , actual gross revenues step-up ratio and % addition in travel and amusement cost . Customer Services and Satisfaction Perspective: Customer Services and satisfaction can be taken attention of by using prosodies number of accessory installations , favorable reappraisal index , % addition in client base and look/book index . Internal Operations Perspective: Internal Operationss can be known with figure of booking channels, abroad to local engagements ratio and packaged to independent engagements ratio. Business Planning and Growth Perspective: Business planning and growing position can be gathered by delegating values to click bringing criterions, catastrophe recovery planning effectivity, % addition in figure of circuit bundles sold and figure of staff keeping initiatives taken. ( MAIA,2009 ) Based on the cardinal public presentation indexs and analysis of success accruing to go direction companies worldwide, the success factors for the travel direction companies in Karachi can be evaluated. Consumer Preference of Travel Management Companies Abroad Harmonizing to a study by the Hong Kong Consumer Council ( 1998 ) , Travel agents in Hong Kong have faced hard times because of increasing client demands and internal competition in the industry. Ailments against travel bureaus had increased by 12.4 % for the twelvemonth 1996/97, as compared with the old twelvemonth. The intent of the survey was to assess clients outlooks and perceptual experiences of service provided by travel agents, and to research how the service factors derived from the factor analysis were related to overall client satisfaction. The consequences of the survey as verified by an article published by Vincent C.S. Heung, Department of Hotel and Tourism Management at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, showed that clients perceptual experiences of service quality revolved around the handiness of All Inclusive Package Tours. Out of a sum of 183 Hong Kong consumers who were surveyed and asked to rate 29 properties that might impact their pick of travel bureau

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